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Motion Sickness
Published in Neil J. Mansfield, Human Response to Vibration, 2004
In a study of pharmaceutical use by U.S. astronauts on space shuttle missions, the most common type of drug taken was to counter space motion sickness (Putcha et al., 1999). Of the 219 person-missions studied, antimotion sickness drugs were reported as being taken in 44% of the medical records. The preferred drug was promethazine taken orally, although it was also administered intramuscularly and rectally. Drug doses were considered effective in more than 85% of incidents studied, the best results being reported for intramuscular administration. Two thirds of the doses were taken on the day one of the space mission with a rapid reduction in dosage for subsequent days. This could be due to habituation to the sensory conflict, although it is possible that astronauts were exposed to more nauseogenic stimuli during launch or that they took extra precautions during their first mission day. However, patterns of drug usage for other types of medication during the missions did not follow a similar pattern.
Spatial Orientation
Published in Pamela S. Tsang, Michael A. Vidulich, Principles and Practice of Aviation Psychology, 2002
Repeat fliers are less likely to suffer from SMS, and test pilots are less susceptible than science astronauts, although the differences are not great, and attempts to predict individual SMS susceptibility have not generally been successful. Reduction of SMS occurrence by preflight adaptation has not yet been demonstrated. Current treatment of SMS generally depends on the intramuscular injection of promethazine when symptoms occur and gives rapid relief in about 90% of cases. However, the side effects, including drowsiness, are of concern and remain under investigation. The human factors implications of SMS include the reduced ability to perform effective work during the first day or two on orbit. Space missions generally plan for a reduced workload during the first day or two on orbit and avoid planned extravehicular activity (EVA) during the first days.
Interaction of promethazine hydrochloride with TX-165 in aqueous, NaCl and urea media: a tensiometry and FTIR analysis
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
M. Alfakeer, Malik Abdul Rub, Naved Azum, Anish Khan, Hadi M. Marwani, Khalid A. Alamry, Abdullah M. Asiri
Several amphiphilic drugs, at higher concentrations, also form micellar structures in an analogous way to a conventional surfactant [21–23]. Due to the high cmc of pure amphiphilic drugs, their self-association analysis for any intention is generally out of focus owing to the high quantity of the drug used, which might result in numerous side effects [24]. It is therefore common to use amphiphilic drugs in conjugation with carriers like nonionic surfactants, which usually form mixed micelles [21,25]. The cmc value of the mixture was reduced more than ten times, resulting in a very small amount of drug used for any application as well as it is possible to boost the absorption of many drugs using it in combination with a carrier such as surfactant (mixed micellar system) [25]. The amphiphilic tricyclic phenothiazine promethazine hydrochloride (PMT) consists of two main portions: one is the tail that has tricyclic large rigid hydrophobic ring, and the other one is the head that has an alkyl amine, which undergoes association, but at higher concentration (Figure 1) [21,25,26]. Among its uses are anticholinergics, sedatives, analgesics, antihistaminic, along with antipsychotics. The drug PMT is protonated (cationic) at low pH levels (lower than 7) but deprotonated at higher pH levels (over 7) [27]. Besides their usefulness, this drug also had some undesirable effects. Therefore, surface tension and FTIR measurements were used to study the interaction of PMT in different media with TX-165 (Figure 2) as the drug carrier to reduce PMT's unwanted effect.
Impacts of hydrotropes on clouding phenomena and physico-chemical parameters coupled with the triton X 100 & promethazine hydrochloride mixture
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
S. M. Rafiul Islam, Md. Rafikul Islam, Shamim Mahbub, Kamrul Hasan, Dileep Kumar, Javed Masood Khan, Anis Ahmad, Md. Anamul Hoque, D. M. Shafiqul Islam
Figure 2 represents the structure of promethazine HCl (PMH) which is a first-generation H1 receptor antagonist, antihistaminic agent commonly used for the treatment of nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, and dizziness. Due to its soothing side effect, it is used as an anticholinergic and antidopaminergic agent. Sometimes PMH is used for allergic treatment, psychiatric diseases, etc. Due to its versatile usage, PMH can cause serious health issues, even sometimes life-threatening [36–39]. Recently, a good number of studies were described on the different drug-surfactant interactions in the occurrence of additives environment [4,20,34,40]. However, the literature reports only limited examples of the clouding behaviour and phase separation of surfactant + PMH mixture in aq. solutes (additives) solutions. Therefore, we are interested in further investigation of the phase separation behaviour of TX 100 + PMH mixture in the presence of different HDTs. M.R. Amin et al. [3] investigated the effect of the change of working temperature as well as the nature and composition of electrolytes used on the CMC value of the TTAB and PMH drug mixture. They found that CMC values of the TTAB surfactant- PMH drug mixture decreased with the enhancement of salt concentrations. M.R. Amin et al. [41] also illustrated the decreasing CP values of TX 100 + PMH drug mixture with the addition of high concentration of salt.
Effect of additives on mixed micellization of a phenothiazine drug promethazine hydrochloride and an ester-based pyridinium gemini surfactant
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Promethazine hydrochloride (PMT) is the most widely used and significant phenothiazine derivatives owing to its antipsychotic, antihistaminic, sedative, analgesic and anticholinergic properties. However, the drug has some other effects which include photosensitization of skin tissue, paraesthesia, respiratory problems etc.[32]