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Liquid Chromatography
Published in Ernő Pungor, A Practical Guide to Instrumental Analysis, 2020
The naturally occurring polyamines (putrescence, cadaverine, spermidine, and spermine) are present in all living cells. Elevated levels of intracellular polyamines are correlated with increased rates of cellular proliferation and might be associated with several different pathological conditions. Polyamines have low UV absorbance, no fluorescence activity, cannot be detected by EC detection (amperometric), and the concentration is not sufficient to detect with RI in tissues and body fluids or in any other matrices. There are several reagents for pre-column derivatization. With o-phthalaldehyde-2-mercaptoethanol or fluorescamine or other reagents have been published in.58 Both have disadvantages, even the stability of derivatized compound or the lengthy and laborious derivatization procedure and so on. Derivatization of polyamines with benzoyl chloride has been accepted to get stable and UV active compounds.
Plastics
Published in Ronald M. Scott, in the WORKPLACE, 2020
Toxicologically, this is a very troublesome group of compounds. Epichlorohydrin is an irritant to the skin, causing burning, itching, and redness, with pain and blistering appearing after contact. It can be absorbed through the skin. It is irritating to the eyes, causing damage at higher concentrations. It is severely irritating to the lungs, producing pneumonitis (fluid in the lungs) hours after exposure. Liver and kidney damage result, and sterility is caused. Finally, it is a sensitizer, leading to later allergic response upon contact with even small quantities of epichlorohydrin. The PEL is 5 ppm. Compounds used with epichlorohydrin to produce epoxy resins include bisphenol A, glycidyl ethers, and aliphatic polyamines such as p-phenylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and triethylenetetramine. All these are irritants and sensitizers. The polyamines are particularly hazardous, causing severe irritation, chemical burns, reddened and itching skin, blistering, facial swelling, and asthma. They can cause bronchospasms and coughing for days after exposure. Sawing or machining finished plastic products can release amines and unreacted epichlorohydrin.
Polymers
Published in Ronald Scott, of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Toxicologically, this is a very troublesome group of compounds. Epichlorohydrin is an irritant to the skin, causing burning, itching, and redness, with pain and blistering appearing after contact. It can be absorbed through the skin and is irritating to the eyes, causing damage at higher concentrations. Epichlorohydrin is severely irritating to the lungs, producing pneumonitis (fluid in the lungs) hours after exposure. In the body, liver and kidney damage result, and sterility is caused. Finally, it is a sensitizer, leading to later allergic response upon contact with even small quantities of epichlorohydrin. The PEL is 5 ppm. Compounds used with epichlorohydrin to produce epoxy resins include bisphenol A, glycidyl ethers, and aliphatic polyamines such as p-phenylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and triethylenetetramine. All these are irritants and sensitizers. The polyamines are particularly hazardous, causing severe irritation, chemical burns, reddened and itching skin, blistering, facial swelling, and asthma. They can cause bronchospasms and coughing for days after exposure. Sawing or machining finished plastic products can release amines and unreacted epichlorohydrin.
Role of exogenously applied putrescine in amelioration of cadmium stress in Coriandrum sativum by modulating antioxidant system
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2022
Rehana Sardar, Shakil Ahmed, Nasim Ahmad Yasin
Polyamines (PAs) are minute poly-cations including putrescine (Put), spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd). Such light-weighted biomolecules participates in the maintenance of plant growth and physiochemical events; they also play important roles in modulating physiochemical activities of plants to endure multiple abiotic stresses (Huo et al. 2020). The crosstalk between PAs and cell constituents results in the osmotic regulation in cells (Masson et al. 2017). Methionine generates ammonia propyl which induces the production of Put required for the synthesis pathway of Spm and Spd (Slocum et al. 1984). Xiong et al. (2018) reported the involvement of Put in the improvement of enzymatic antioxidants and enhanced photosynthesis in case of salt stressed tea seedlings. The increased biosynthesis of indigenous PAs scavenges ROS and alleviates abiotic stress in assisted plants (Huo et al. 2020). Similarly, the exogenously applied Put increased the activity of antioxidative enzymes to assuage salinity stress in plants Khan et al. (2012). Due to the involvement of PAs in the alleviation of various abiotic stresses, it was speculated that seed priming with Put may improve the stress tolerance and growth of coriander plants growing in Cd spiked soil.
The expression of Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes in human B-lymphoblastoid TK6 cells
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2022
Xilin Li, Yuxi Li, Kylie G. Ning, Si Chen, Lei Guo, Jessica A. Bonzo, Nan Mei
SAT1 is the rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine catabolism. The level of polyamines often increases in tumor cells, stimulating their growth and proliferation. Recent studies have demonstrated that a reduced level of polyamines may increase the susceptibility of cells in response to many double-strand break (DSB)-inducing agents, including ionizing radiation, ultraviolet, and etoposide.35 The underlying mechanism has been associated with the role of polyamine in stimulating homologous recombination mediated DSB repair by enhancing the DNA strand exchange activity of RAD51. SAT1 governs the transportation of polyamines in cells. The overexpression of SAT1 leads to excessive export of polyamines, which may further impair homologous recombination and sensitize cells to genotoxic stresses. Although TK6 cells expressed SAT1 mRNA, the level was significantly lower than that in HepG2 cells or PHHs (Table 1). The impact of this difference on sensitivity of cells to various DNA DSB-inducing agents warrants further investigation.
Effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid and putrescine alone and in combination with rhizobacteria on the phytoremediation of heavy metals and chickpea growth in sandy soil
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
SA belongs to phenolic compounds that play a key role in plant growth and development (Tasgin et al. 2003). SA is involved in protecting plants from the adverse effects of heavy metals. SA has been revealed to increase plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as metal (Zhang et al. 2015), salinity (Khan et al., 2014; Nazar et al. 2015), osmotic (Naser et al. 2014), drought (Fayez and Bazaid 2014), and heat stress (Khan et al. 2013). Ahmad et al. (2011) reported that SA treatment alleviated the adverse effects of Pb and Hg on membrane damage. Pal et al. (2002) demonstrated that pre-treatments of SA amended Cd toxicity in barley. Pre-treatment with SA prior to the application of high concentration of Cd has alleviating effect on photochemical reactions and changes the activity of several important antioxidative enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), gluthatione reductase (GR), and glutathione-S-transferase (G-S-Tr) (Popova et al. 2012). SA can be applied exogenously either by seed soaking or by spraying in order to induce tolerance in plants to heavy metal accumulation (Horváth et al. 2007; Anwar et al. 2013). Polyamines, like Put are also known for their role in accumulating heavy metals and protecting plants from its adverse effects. Exogenous application of Put has been effectively used to improve various stresses in plants including heavy metal stress (Gill and Tuteja 2010).