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Impact of Physicochemical Properties on Dendrimer Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution
Published in Delphine Felder-Flesch, Dendrimers in Nanomedicine, 2016
Orlagh Feeney, Suzanne M. Caliph, Christopher J. H. Porter, Lisa M. Kaminskas
Classically, pharmacokinetics provides a means to quantify and model the fate of a drug after administration into the body. This may be simplified to suggest that pharmacokinetics describes “what the body does to a drug” rather than pharmacodynamics that instead defines “what the drug does to the body.” Direct application of these principles to drug delivery systems rather than simply to drugs provides some complexity and indeed has led to some controversy as to whether pharmacokinetics is the right term to describe the movement of a drug delivery system rather than a drug through the body. For the purpose of this discussion, however, we will refer to the pharmacokinetics of a dendrimer as meaning the ADME properties of the carrier, whether conjugated to a drug or not, realizing that it is possible to separately define the pharmacokinetics of a drug that is initially conjugated to a dendrimer carrier, but is subsequently released and processed as free drug. In large part, the distinction between these two is determined by the analytical method and whether what is being measured is the concentration of the carrier, the concentration of total drug (i.e., free and dendrimer conjugated) or free drug alone. All provide useful information, but the data are not interchangeable.
Toxicological Chemistry
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Much of what is known about xenobiotic substances in living systems is based on intensive research on pharmaceutical compounds in organisms. Pharmacodynamics deals with what a drug does to a body including the dose–response relationship, sites and mechanisms of pharmaceutical actions, therapeutic effects, and side effects. What the body does to a drug is addressed by pharmacokinetics, including uptake, distribution, metabolism, retention, and excretion.
Plant pharmacology: Insights into in-planta kinetic and dynamic processes of xenobiotics
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Tomer Malchi, Sara Eyal, Henryk Czosnek, Moshe Shenker, Benny Chefetz
Plant pharmacology offers a comparative understanding of the interaction of xenobiotic compounds with plants and animals. For the premise of the following discussion, pharmacology is defined as the study of the interactions between exogenous chemicals and living systems and the manner in which the functions of living systems are affected by exogenous chemical agents (Rang et al., 2019). Xenobiotics are substances that are foreign to the biological system and include natural or synthetic chemicals, medicinal drugs, agricultural and industrial chemicals, environmental contaminants and other exogenous substances (Howland, 2015). The term drug or pharmaceutical refers to a xenobiotic chemical substance to which organisms are exposed and that can potentially cause a biochemical or physiological effect at the cell, tissue, organ, or organism level (Buxton & Benet, 2013). Pharmaceutical interactions are distinguished into: “what the biological system does to the drug,” i.e., pharmacokinetics, and “what the drug does to the biological systems,” i.e., pharmacodynamics (Goodman et al., 2000). Pharmacokinetics is the study of the effects of biological systems to drugs in terms of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME). Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug to the biological system and its mechanism of action, elucidating the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and its biochemical or physiological effects. In classic pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are two sub-divisions of a conceptual model that enables quantitative modeling and prediction of drug effects on a living system. In understanding the different processes that translate into dose-response relationships, it is evident that a compound's kinetics and dynamics are interrelated processes (Shargel et al., 2012).