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Integrated Omics Technology for Basic and Clinical Research
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Kuldeep Giri, Vinod Singh Bisht, Sudipa Maity, Kiran Ambatipudi
PGx, also known as drug-gene testing, helps to understand an individual’s genetic code (genetic makeup) to predict responsiveness to drugs (adverse or favorable), efficacy, and metabolism based on gene polymorphism. The main goal of PGx is to understand a drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics surrounds four essential processes, that is, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion from the patient’s body. Similarly, pharmacodynamics deals with the drug’s molecular action on receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and immune systems (Adams, 2008). Although in early stage, PGx has brought a revolution in the health sector by aiming to provide a tailored-made medication based on an individual’s specific genetic construction. The joint effort of pharmacology that deals with drug design and genomics has offered a comprehensive evaluation of genes and related functions leading to the evolution of PGx. The term PGx is sometimes interchangeably used as pharmacogenetics, with the latter focusing on single gene-drug response, whereas the former focusing on more than one gene-drug response including epigenetics and polymorphism within the gene.
Ursolic Acid: A Pentacyclic Triterpene from Plants in Nanomedicine
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Monalisha Sen Gupta, Md. Adil Shaharyar, Mahfoozur Rahman, Kumar Anand, Imran Kazmi, Muhammad Afzal, Sanmoy Karmakar
Different analytical methodologies have been developed for triterpenes, with high selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Pharmacokinetic studies constitute an important stage during the development of new medicines. Discerning the disposition process (i.e., absorption, distribution, and elimination) of new drug candidates facilitates selecting the most appropriate administration route and best dose regimen. The pharmacokinetic parameters of UA in rats after an oral administration suggested rapid absorption, but plasmatic concentrations were extremely low (Liao et al., 2005). Additionally, a lower dose like 10 mg/kg of UA presented rapid absorption with distribution primarily through blood-supplied tissues, such as the lungs, spleen, and liver. The half-life of UA in the plasma was less than 1 h, indicating rapid elimination (Chen et al., 2011). The study of safety and pharmacokinetic parameters after administering an ascending oral dose of UA shows low and variable UA bioavailability due to the poor water solubility of this compound. This trait led to decreased intestinal absorption and rapid elimination through gut wall/liver metabolism (Hirsh et al., 2014).
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Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Alaaldin M. Alkilany, Catherine J. Murphy
Drug pharmacokinetics is the sum of vital processes including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Before any drug obtains regulatory approval, its pharmacokinetic parameters should be determined. Similar to pharmaceutical drugs, studying the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles in vivo to assess their absorption, biodistribution, metabolism, elimination processes is essential (Chen et al. 2009). The biodistribution of gold nanoparticles into different tissues can be studied by isolation of the targeted organ, followed by acid digestion to oxidize and extract the gold ions, which can be then quantified by ICP-MS. The same concept can be employed to study the blood and renal clearance of gold nanoparticles by analyzing the gold content in the blood or urine samples as a function of time. After obtaining the required information about the level of gold nanoparticles in different compartments (blood and urine) as function of time, classical pharmacokinetics models can be applied to obtain important pharmacokinetic parameters such as volume of distribution (Vd), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), blood half time (t1/2), total body clearance (Cl), etc. (Cho et al. 2009b).
A review on the biomedical efficacy of transition metal triazole compounds
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Sajjad Hussain Sumrra, Wardha Zafar, Muhammad Imran, Zahid Hussain Chohan
When any compound is used as a drug, the determination of its pKa and study of pharmacokinetic (PK) properties are important before biological examination [91]. Similarly, prior to drug activity, a process called pharmacokinetics studies the four different biological developments of a drug such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, thus leading to its potential activity. Clinical pharmacokinetics involve the implementation of pharmacokinetic principles to manage effective and safe drug treatment. For this, kinetic investigations are performed to suggest the mechanistic approach of reaction for promising compounds as well as to test their binding modes such as substitutional behavior, which plays an important role in bio-transformation [92].
Plant pharmacology: Insights into in-planta kinetic and dynamic processes of xenobiotics
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Tomer Malchi, Sara Eyal, Henryk Czosnek, Moshe Shenker, Benny Chefetz
Plant pharmacology offers a comparative understanding of the interaction of xenobiotic compounds with plants and animals. For the premise of the following discussion, pharmacology is defined as the study of the interactions between exogenous chemicals and living systems and the manner in which the functions of living systems are affected by exogenous chemical agents (Rang et al., 2019). Xenobiotics are substances that are foreign to the biological system and include natural or synthetic chemicals, medicinal drugs, agricultural and industrial chemicals, environmental contaminants and other exogenous substances (Howland, 2015). The term drug or pharmaceutical refers to a xenobiotic chemical substance to which organisms are exposed and that can potentially cause a biochemical or physiological effect at the cell, tissue, organ, or organism level (Buxton & Benet, 2013). Pharmaceutical interactions are distinguished into: “what the biological system does to the drug,” i.e., pharmacokinetics, and “what the drug does to the biological systems,” i.e., pharmacodynamics (Goodman et al., 2000). Pharmacokinetics is the study of the effects of biological systems to drugs in terms of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME). Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug to the biological system and its mechanism of action, elucidating the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and its biochemical or physiological effects. In classic pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are two sub-divisions of a conceptual model that enables quantitative modeling and prediction of drug effects on a living system. In understanding the different processes that translate into dose-response relationships, it is evident that a compound's kinetics and dynamics are interrelated processes (Shargel et al., 2012).