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Pharmacokinetic analysis
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
As we discussed earlier, some of the drug will be eliminated by the kidneys and show up in the urine. In some cases, it may be convenient to use additional data on the amount of drug (not its metabolites) found in the urine to supplement a pharmacokinetic analysis. The rate at which the drug accumulates in the urine is given by Equation 8.32, where Murine is the mass of drug (unchanged) in the urine at any given time. dMurinedt=krenalVapparentCtotal=CLrenalCtotal
Nonclinical Studies
Published in John M. Centanni, Michael J. Roy, Biotechnology Operations, 2016
John M. Centanni, Michael J. Roy
Clearance is a process in which a biopharmaceutical is eliminated from fluid phases, tissues, or organs. With most biopharmaceutical products, clearance is expected to take place through the processes of metabolism and excretion, but first, the molecule must remain in the target tissue or organ long enough for it to have a therapeutic effect. Excretion cannot be too rapid. With many small molecule drugs, the absolute rate of clearance is a linear function of the concentration in blood. However, with biological molecules, this is not always the case, and the rate of clearance is not simply the rate of elimination divided by blood concentration. In addition, while small molecule drugs are often cleared by liver and kidney, larger biological molecules are not often metabolized in the liver and are retained, not excreted, as they pass through the kidney. For many biopharmaceuticals, the sites of metabolism and excretion are unknown, and it is assumed that components of degraded biopharmaceuticals, such as polypeptides, amino acids, and nucleic acids, are simply catabolized to a certain degree and then used by the body to produce energy and to build other macromolecules.
Imidacloprid affects rat liver mitochondrial bioenergetics by inhibiting FoF1-ATP synthase activity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Paulo F. V. Bizerra, Anilda R. J. S. Guimarães, Marcos A. Maioli, Fábio E. Mingatto
The liver plays a key role in metabolism as this organ receives large amounts of nutrients and xenobiotics that are absorbed through the digestive tract and portal vein. Among the major functions of the liver are the uptake of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and vitamins, with subsequent storage, metabolic conversion, and release into blood and bile (Guillouzo 1998). The liver is also the main organ involved in the biotransformation of exogenous substances (xenobiotics), with the capacity to convert hydrophobic compounds into water soluble metabolites, which are more readily eliminated by the organism. This process of biotransformation (detoxification) is carried out mainly by the cytochrome P450 enzymatic system (Danielson 2002; Ioannides 2002).
Exploiting of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Capparis spinosa L. Fruit for spectrophotometric determination of diphenhydramine HCl in pure forms and commercial products
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2023
Fadam M. Abdoon, Hasan M. Hasan, Sarhan A. Salman, Suham T. Ameen, Mequanint Birhan
Diphenhydramine(DPH) is a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic, antitussive, antiemetic, and sedative properties and is primarily used to treat allergies. DPH blocks the binding of histamine to the H1 receptor, reducing symptoms. It reduces histamine-related vasodilation and increases capillary permeability. After oral administration, it is readily absorbed and dispersed significantly throughout the body, including the central nervous system. It is primarily eliminated in the urine as metabolites after being metabolised in the liver [1, 2].