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Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Excretion is an essential biological process that prevents damage and toxicity by eliminating unwanted materials from the body. There are two major excretion routes: the renal (urine) and hepatic (bile to feces) pathways for contrast agents. In general, renal excretion is preferred because the contrast agents can be rapidly eliminated while little cellular internalization/metabolism is involved, thus effectively minimizing body exposure to the contrast agents. The renal pathway relies on glomerular filtration in the kidneys; thus, the material size, charge, and shape all affect the filtration efficiency. The filtration-size threshold of glomerular capillary walls is typically 6–8 nm for spherical particles (size-, charge-, and surface ligand-dependent within this range),14 indicating renal excretion is exclusive only for materials with ultrasmall hydrodynamic diameters (HDs).
Human Health Studies
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health, 2020
The liver is a unique structure whose functions are essential for life. Because it receives venous blood from the intestine and has diverse enzymatic content, the liver has a wider variety of physiologic functions than does any other organ in the human body. The liver’s main functions are production and excretion of bile, storage of nutrients, metabolism, and detoxification and clearance of unneeded compounds and toxicants. Because of its many functions, a single liver cell (hepatocyte) can be likened to a factory (it makes many chemical compounds), a warehouse (it stores glycogen, iron, and some vitamins), a waste disposal facility (it excretes bile pigments, urea, and various detoxication products), and a power plant (its catabolism produces considerable heat) (Wilson and Straight, 1993).
Need for Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Models in Estimating Target Organ Dosage Following Oral Ingestion of Cadmium
Published in Rhoda G.M. Wang, Water Contamination and Health, 2020
In the kidney (Figure 13), two aspects are particularly important: (1) glomerular filtration, which allows small molecules in the plasma to pass directly into the tubular lumen, and (2) the separation of tubular tissues, which have direct contact with the contents of both the vasculature and the lumen, from other renal tissues, which communicate only with the vasculature. This structure allows the explicit modeling of the tubular compartment where renal toxicity occurs. In addition, urinary excretion is expressed as a balance between three processes—glomerular filtration, reabsorption by tubular cells, and sloughing off of tubular cells—which are the primary mechanisms controlling this route of excretion.
Toxicological safety, antioxidant activity and phytochemical characterization of leaf and bark aqueous extracts of Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Lucas Felipe de Melo Alcântara, Pedro Thiago da Silva, Quesya Mamede de Oliveira, Talita Giselly dos Santos Souza, Marllyn Marques da Silva, George Souza Feitoza, Wendeo Kennedy Costa, Maria Aparecida da Conceição de Lira, Cristiano Aparecido Chagas, Francisco Carlos Amanajás de Aguiar Júnior, Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia, Márcia Vanusa da Silva
In contrast, kidneys are responsible for filtering blood plasma and excreting toxic or metabolic waste substances from the body. Kidneys are composed of nephrons, a morphofunctional unit, which continuously produce urine. In this study, the glomerulus and renal corpuscle, structures responsible for filtration, were examined (Derakhshanfar, Roshanzamir, and Bidadkosh 2013). In addition, the levels of urea and creatinine in the blood serum were measured. These findings demonstrated that all parameters were at normal levels in animals treated with a single dose after 14 days.
Medical textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2020
The kidney is a complex organ that is involved with filtration and excretion of waste substances in the body. They are critical in the overall maintenance of fluid balance and also contribute to endocrinological function of the body with a role in erythrocyte production, bone homeostasis and the regulation of blood pressure. The role of filtration and excretion is undertaken by a series of ion pumps that can transport, actively or passively, ions and metabolites from blood flow into a waste system that creates urine [638].
Potential effect of Turbinaria decurrens acetone extract on the biochemical and histological parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Omnia Hamdy Abdel-Karim, Atef Mohamed Abo-Shady, Gehan Ahmed Ismail, Saly Farouk Gheda
The liver plays an imperative role in the excretion and elimination of undesirable substances from the body. The results of the current study showed histopathological damage in the liver of the diabetic control (alloxan-induced) rats compared to the algal acetone extract and diabenor treated animals. The major changes in the diabetic control rat liver were hydropic bulge, hepatocytes disarrangement, vacuolization of microvesicular with the disappearance of nuclei, granular disintegration, and cell necrosis (Figure 3d). These characteristic histopathological findings indicate a liver disorder alteration due to the diabetic induction. The most vital changes in the diabetic liver were recovered after the treatment T. decurrens AE, especially, with 300 mg/kg BW dose. Similar observations were also informed by Zhou et al. (2008) and Aboonabi (2014) for the oxidative damage in liver tissue due to diabetes induction in different test animals. Hepatoprotective activity of Sargassum polycystum against damage of liver tissues was previously noticed by (Motshakeri et al. 2014). In addition, Nagy (2015) reported the positive effect of Hydroclathrus clathratus aqueous extract against liver injury due to induction of diabetes. Treatment with ethyl acetate of Sargassum wightii and Ulva fasciata exhibited great improvement in the hepatic morphology disorders caused by diabetes (Mohapatra et al. 2016). The necrosis of hepato-cells, changes in microcellular fats, wide-ranging vacuolization with the vanishing of nuclei was detected in the diabetic rat liver and this was recovered after their treatment with different marine seaweeds including Turbinaria conoides ethanolic extract, methanolic extracts of Sargassum wightii, and Turbinaria conoides and Gracilaria opuntia aqueous extract (Rayapu et al. 2017). Besides, Padina boergesenii aqueous extract had a protective effect and reduced the exerted histopathological damage (Kumar et al. 2017).