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The Biosphere
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Oxidation and reduction are the major reactions for the exchange of energy in living systems. Cellular respiration is an oxidation reaction in which a carbohydrate, C6H12O6, is broken down to carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy. C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+energy
X-Nuclei MRI and Energy Metabolism
Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
Formally, cellular respiration is defined as a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products. It can also be even more specifically refined as a set of chemical reactions that uses electrons harvested from high-energy molecules (nutrients) to produce ATP via an electron transport chain using O2 as an oxidizing agent (electron acceptor). Cellular respiration is a catabolic metabolic process which break large molecules into smaller ones, made of a series of successive exergonic (mostly redox) reactions releasing energy, where weak, so-called high-energy, bonds from reactants are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. It is thus considered an exothermic redox reaction metabolic pathway which releases heat.
Nanosensor Laboratory
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy source of cells and living organisms, which can be obtained by chemical reactions in the nanoscale, emulating cellular respiration in mitochondria. It is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. ATP batteries, imitating the behavior of mitochondria, are an alternative energy source for bionanodevices.
Biogenic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles, characterization and screening of therapeutic applications using Averrhoa carambola leaf extract
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
Madhu Prakash Ganeshkar, Manisha Rajendra Mirjankar, Parashuram Shivappa, Anjana Thatesh Gaddigal, Premakshi Huchrayappa Goder, Chandrappa Mukappa Kamanavalli
The mechanism of action for antimicrobial activity involves the interaction of nanomaterials with the biological macromolecules. It is clearly understood that there is interaction between cell wall of microorganisms and metal particles (Hosseinkhani et al. 2011). This creates an “electromagnetic” attraction between the microbe and the treated surface. During this interaction microbe oxidizes and inactivates microbial growth in which SeNPs interfere with the bacterial cell membrane and bind with the mesosome, there is a perturbance in the mesosomal functions of cellular respiration, DNA replication, transcription, cell division and thereby the surface area of a bacterial cell membrane is increased. These intracellular changes establish the oxidative stress induced by ROS generation due to the cell expiry. It is implied that nanomaterials release ions, which react with the thiol group (–SH) of the proteins present on the bactericidal cell surface (Tong et al. 2013). Such proteins protrude through the bacterial cell membrane, allowing the transport of nutrients through the cell wall. The nanomaterials inactivate the proteins and decrease the membrane permeability, which eventually causes cell death.
Characterization and screening of anticancer properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Averrhoa carambola plant extract
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Madhu Prakash Ganeshkar, Premakshi Hucharayappa Goder, Manisha Rajendra Mirjankar, Anjana Thatesh Gaddigal, Parashuram Shivappa, Chandrappa Mukappa Kamanavalli
The mechanism of action for antimicrobial activity involves the interaction of nanomaterials with the biological macromolecules. It is clearly understood that the cell wall of microorganisms carries a negative charge while metal oxide carries a positive charge.[60] This creates an “electromagnetic” attraction between the microbe and the treated surface. During this interaction microbe oxidizes and inactivates microbial growth in which CeO2 NPs interfere with the bacterial cell membrane and bind with the mesosome, there is a perturbance in the mesosomal functions of cellular respiration, DNA replication, transcription, cell division and thereby the surface are of a bacterial cell membrane is increased. These intracellular changes establish the oxidative stress induced by ROS generation due to the cell expiry. It is implied that nanomaterials release ions, which react with the thiol group (-SH) of the proteins present on the bactericidal cell surface.[61] Such proteins protrude through the bacterial cell membrane, allowing the transport of nutrients through the cell wall. The nanomaterials inactivate the proteins and decrease the membrane permeability, which eventually causes cell death.
Isolation of endophytic bacteria from the medicinal, forestal and ornamental tree Handroanthus impetiginosus
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Mauro Enrique Yarte, María Inés Gismondi, Berta Elizabet Llorente, Ezequiel Enrique Larraburu
Phosphorus plays an important role in metabolic processes such as macromolecular biosynthesis, energy transfer, signal transduction, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. In soil, a large proportion of phosphorus is present as insoluble compounds that plants absorb difficultly. Several bacteria synthesize phosphatases and organic acids of low molecular weight, mainly gluconic acid, that form stable complexes with phosphorus adsorbents to solubilize phosphorus and therefore stimulate plant growth [3]. In this study, eight endophytic strains isolated from leaves and three strains derived from roots of H. impetiginosus were able to solubilize Ca3(PO4)2. The L2 strain, belonging to genus Pseudomonas, was the most effective phosphate solubilizing strain, in coincidence with previous observations by Oteino et al. [30] with Pseudomonas spp. strains isolated from Miscanthus giganteus leaf tissue and inoculated in Pisum sativum seeds. Also, Pseudomonas sp. increased plant growth and phosphate uptake in rice, soybean and wheat [2,30].