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Solvent Exposure and Toxic Responses
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Petroleum distillate solvents are mixtures of petroleum derivatives distilled from crude petroleum at a particular range of boiling points. Each is a mixture of aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, the relative concentration of each depending on the particular petroleum distillate fraction. They have a “hydrocarbon” or “aromatic” odor depending on the relative concentrations of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons. “Petroleum ether” represents more than half of the total industrial solvent usage. Kerosene (stove oil) is used as a fuel as well as a cleaning and thinning agent. In industry, petroleum distillates may be referred to by any of the following names: naphtha, coal tar naphtha, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, Stoddard solvent, and others.
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Petroleum distillate solvents are mixtures of petroleum derivatives distilled from crude petroleum at a particular range of boiling points. Each is a mixture of aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, the relative concentration of each depending on the particular petroleum distillate fraction. They have a “hydrocarbon” or “aromatic” odor depending on the relative concentrations of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons. “Petroleum ether” represents more than half of the total industrial solvent usage. Kerosene (stove oil) is used as a fuel as well as a cleaning and thinning agent. In industry, petroleum distillates may be referred to by any of the following names: naphtha, coal tar naphtha, petroleum naphtha, mineral spirits, Stoddard solvent, and others.
Mathematical modelling on peristaltic motion and temperature distribution of dusty Jeffrey fluid under the influence of variable viscosity
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Figure 6 are designed to elaborate on the impact of variable viscosity parameter versus fluid temperature distributions. It is interesting to observe that fluid temperature distribution diminishes for the raising values of variable viscosity for case-1 whereas the opposite trend is observed in case-2. This behavior is true due to the fact that the effective activity of the molecules from the wall which results in an increase in temperature distribution. This nature (case – 1) is essential in crude oil refinement for the production of products such as gasoline, petroleum naphtha, heating oil etc. The molecules of oil gain more energy and move more freely as the temperature rises, which is the basic idea behind crude oil refinement, in which crude oil is converted and refined into more desirable products. Further, it is noticed that the fluid temperature phase is more in case-2 when compared to case-1.
The tailored traits of reclaimed asphalt pavement incorporating maltene: performance analyses
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Zaid Hazim Al-Saffar, Haryati Yaacob, Mohd Khairul Idham Mohd Satar, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
The rejuvenator used in this study; maltene, had a viscosity value of 42.97 mPa.s @ 95°C and a density of 0.955 gm/cm3. It was extracted from a fresh asphalt, (which provided by Kemaman Bitumen Company (KBC) Malaysia) using petroleum ether. Speight (2015) demonstrated that maltene could be extracted from asphalt by adding a non-polar solvent such as low-boiling petroleum naphtha, petroleum ether, n-pentane, iso-pentane, n-heptane and liquefied petroleum gases. The fractions of maltene (saturates, aromatics, and resins) were calculated based on ASTM 4124 (2009), and their percentages were 8.3%, 56.26%, and 35.1%, respectively. The importance of using rejuvenating agent containing these components is that the asphaltene molecules in petroleum are usually stabilised by resin molecules to hinder major agglomeration of asphaltenes, while aromatics are a good solvent for asphaltene molecules (Ashoori et al. 2017). Furthermore, aromatics attribute to the flexibility of asphalt and improve the cracking resistance of binder, while resins provide anti-rutting ability at high-temperature.
Improving fracture and moisture resistance of cold mix asphalt (CMA) using crumb rubber and cement
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2022
Dana Daneshvar, Arash Motamed, Reza Imaninasab
Based on the post-blending method for the wet processing of the asphalt emulsion, CR was initially added into the petroleum-naphtha at the ratio of 1:2 and then manually stirred for 45 min to make semi-swelled dispersion of CR particles in the petroleum-based solvent, namely RG-1. This leads to swelling and softening of the CR particles along with the increased adhesion of the modified asphalt emulsion (Holleran et al., 1997; Johnston & King, 2008). After that, the prepared blend (RG-1) was mixed with asphalt emulsion using high shear mixer at the rotational speed of 1000 rpm for 30 min at the ambient temperature (25°C). This procedure is considered as the post-blending method and, since the CR is directly added to the asphalt, it is deemed as a wet modification process.