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Published in Maurizio Cumo, Antonio Naviglio, Safety Design Criteria for Industrial Plants, 2019
Claudia Bartolomei, Sergio Paribelli
Toxicity — Parathion methyl is highly toxic via oral and inhalation routes. It may also be absorbed through skin. As other organophosphorous compounds it is a cholinesterase inhibitor. TLV-TWA: 0.2 mg/m3 (skin); occupational exposure to methyl parathion recommended standard: air TWA 0.2 mg/m3; and acceptable daily intake: 0.02 mg/kg body weight.
Targeting gap junctional intercellular communication by hepatocarcinogenic compounds
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Kaat Leroy, Alanah Pieters, Andrés Tabernilla, Axelle Cooreman, Raf Van Campenhout, Bruno Cogliati, Mathieu Vinken
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are an important class of pesticides mainly used as insecticides and, to a lesser extent, as herbicides. Nearly all insecticides display neurotoxic effects in humans through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (Maroni et al. 2000). In addition, OP pesticides initiate toxicity via genotoxicity (Rahman et al. 2002), cytotoxicity (Wagner, McMillan, and Plewa 2005), immunotoxicity (Yeh et al. 2005) and disruption of sex hormones and reproduction (Okamura et al. 2005). The neurotoxic effects are often induced by the metabolites following biotransformation of the parent compound by CYP450 (Li et al. 2019). Most reports focused on neurotoxicity, while far less is known regarding the non-cholinergic effects, especially actions on liver connexins. Wu et al. (2007) demonstrated that parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon and malathion inhibited GJIC in rat liver cell cultures. These OP compounds elicit this effect themselves, since their oxons and ozonation byproducts produced no marked effect. A study aiming to identify altered quantities of membrane proteins in mouse livers revealed alterations in proteins that prevent oxidative stress, but not in connexin levels (Seifert 2014).
Human health risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticides in maize (Zea mays L.) from Yushu, Northeast China
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2018
Rui Yu, Yang Wang, Zhengwu Cui, Guanghui Xu, Zhengyu Guan, Yong Yu, Jingshuang Liu
The average concentrations (μg kg−1, dry weight) of all detected OPs in maize grains were the highest for omethoate (0.8), quinalphos (0.8), phorate (0.7), dimethoate (0.7), parathion-methyl (0.6), isocarbophos (0.6), diazinon (0.5), fenitrothion (0.5), and malathion (0.5), with parathion (0.5) and fenthion (0.3) being the lowest (Table 2). In the present study, banned pesticides such as parathion and parathion-methyl were detected in maize. The use of non-authorized pesticides active ingredients was a common practice among farmers and similar results have been found in rice, vegetables, and fruits (Knezevic and Serdar 2009; Yu et al.2016a,b). Pesticide retailers in China play a key role in influencing farmers’ choice of restricted pesticides, farmers’ education, restricted pesticides knowledge, age, reading pesticides label carefully or not and planting years play a minor role in influencing farmers’ restricted pesticides choice (Wang et al.2015).
Chlorpyrifos degradation by plant growth-promoting Alcaligenes faecalis bacteria isolated from oil-contaminated soil
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2020
Udit Yadav, Sumit Kushwaha, Vandana Anand, Sanjeev Kumar, Om Prakash, Poonam C. Singh
To keep pace with the increasing food demand of the population worldwide, role of agro-chemicals cannot be ignored. Since pesticides can prevent large crop losses it will continue to play a major role in agriculture. However, the effects of pesticides exposure on humans and the environment are of prime concern (WHO 2018). Chlorpyrifos (Chlp), an organophosphate pesticide is widely used in commercial agriculture to control pests. Due to Chlp stability in soil and excessive use, it may persist in soil for long periods and impose various health problems (Ghorab and Khalil 2015). Acute intoxication incidences resulting from pesticide use has been reported in full-time farm workers (Thundiyil et al. 2008). Extensive use of Chlp also imposes negative impact on soil native microflora affecting the soil fertility, health and various ecosystems (Dar, Kaushik, and Villarreal-Chiu 2019). The Chlp degradation in the environment is mainly mediated by microbes and chemically induced by UV (Awad et al. 2011; Muhamad 2010). Bioremediation exploits the microbial potential to provide cost-effective and reliable approach to pesticide degradation. The potential of microbes to simultaneously detoxify pollutants while enhancing plant growth has been studied for various pesticides (Zhou et al. 2014; Li et al. 2020). Recently, enzyme-based degradation strategies were effectively used in pesticides degradation (Bilal, Iqbal, and Barceló 2019). Pesticides degradation may be efficiently manipulated through metabolic pathways with gene-editing tools and systems biology (Jaiswal, Singh, and Shukla 2019). Chlp is degraded to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), which is the primary and major degradation product (Kim and Ahn 2009). TCP is a persistent metabolite as per US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) with a half-life ranging from 65 to 360 d in soil (Armbrust 2001). The genes involved in the pathways include methyl parathion degrading (mpd) gene which codes for parathion-methyl hydrolyzing enzyme. Many different microbes have been reported to possess mpd gene and degrade Chlp including Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Bacillus, Cyanobacterium, Alcaligenes and Klebsiella spp. (Rayu et al. 2017; Fulekar and Geetha 2008; Singh et al. 2011; Zhu, Zhao, and Qiu 2010; Ghanem, Orfi, and Shamma 2007). In this study, we have shown efficient degradation of Chlp by microbes isolated from oil spillage sites and their correlation with the exo-polysaccharide (EPS) production.