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Recent Advancements in Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics by Using Proteomics Approaches
Published in Vineet Kumar, Vinod Kumar Garg, Sunil Kumar, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Omics for Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Systems, 2023
Neha Sharma, Smriti Shukla, Kartikeya Shukla, Ajit Varma, Vineet Kumar, Menaka Devi Salam, Arti Mishra
Organophosphate compounds are a cluster of pesticides that contain several toxic substances used in agriculture (Sidhu et al. 2019). Laboratory as well as field studies have revealed that a small quantity of these pesticides might lead to endocrine and reproductive disturbance in invertebrates and vertebrates such as fishes, birds, reptiles, and mammals. These pesticides are progressive and neurotoxic. They prevent the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase, which is involved in the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine that occurs in both the peripheral and the central nervous system. These pesticides are termed as strong alkylating agents because they cause genotoxic effects. It is observed that their occupational exposure considerably leads to chromosomal damage. Profenofos is one of the organophosphate pesticides. It is exceptionally toxic for aquatic organisms as well as for animals (Soares et al. 2021). It is also used in agriculture for controlling lepidopteron pests of cotton and tobacco.
Basic Chemical Hazards to Human Health and Safety — I
Published in Jack Daugherty, Assessment of Chemical Exposures, 2020
Some toxic substances are cholinesterase inhibitors as discussed above. Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, for instance, inhibit acetylcholinesterase at cholinergic synapses in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The effect of this inhibition is an accumulation of acetylcholine at the effector sites, which arouses signs and symptoms of excessive cholinergic activity such as bronchioconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, salivation, and lacrimation. Other symptoms are nausea, vomiting, cramps, constricted pupils, muscular weakness, and cardiac irregularities. Increasingly severe cholinesterase inhibition causes coma, irreversible central nervous system damage, and death.
Wastewater Treatment
Published in Suresh C. Ameta, Rakshit Ameta, Garima Ameta, Sonochemistry, 2018
Arpita Pandey, Arpita Paliwal, Rakshit Ameta
Many organophosphate insecticides (esters of phosphoric acid) such as monocrotophos (MCP), parathion, malathion and methylparathion are well known for their bioaccumulation and neurotoxic properties, because they act on the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. Organophosphate pesticides inactivate acetylcholinesterase irreversibly, which is essential for nerve function in insects, humans, and many other animals. Therefore, they have full potential for neurotoxicity (Randhawa and Kullar, 2011).
Transition metal complexes incorporating lawsone: a review
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Freeda Selva Sheela Selvaraj, Michael Samuel, Arunsunai Kumar Karuppiah, Natarajan Raman
Kumbhar et al. assessed the ability of iron(II) and iron(III) complexes of lawsone (1) and juglone for modulating radiation induced lipid peroxidation in synaptosomes. Conclusions were made that the protection offered by the complexes against lipid peroxidation at high doses made them suitable for developing radiation therapy for cancer. The radiation induced peroxidation of lipids is inhibited via fast recombination. At lower concentration, the complexes induce the peroxidation of lipids through redox cycling [31]. The lawsone derived Mannich base complexes of copper (16) reported by Vilela et al. were examined for their capability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition is the mode of action adopted by pesticides such as organophosphates and carbamates which damage the nervous system leading to the death of the insect. All the complexes displayed enhanced activity over the free ligands against AChE but none of them showed activity against BChE. The overall results proved that the metal complexes of lawsone derivatives are potential cholinesterase inhibitors [60].
Evaluating risk, exposure, and detection capabilities for chemical threats in water
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Marisa Pfohl, Erin Silvestri, John C. Lipscomb, Emily Snyder, Stuart Willison
Both acephate and methamidophos are known to produce toxicity via inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, leading to a toxic and at times fatal accumulation of acetylcholine. However, methamidophos is known to be more potent in humans than its precursor acephate. Symptoms of organophosphate poisoning include excessive sweating, nausea, vomiting, weakness, seizures, and paralysis. The human health risk of the organophosphates at low doses is not well characterized (CDC 2013). The risk of oral exposure to methamidophos was evaluated and a chronic HHBP drinking water value of 0.6 µg/L was derived. The drinking water value is based upon a PAD which takes the RfD and applies an additional Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) safety factor to account for both potential prenatal and/or postnatal toxicity and the completeness of the database with respect to exposure and toxicity for women of child-bearing age, infants, and children (U.S. EPA 2017c). The study used as the basis of the chronic PAD was an 8-week subchronic oral toxicity study in rats which measured brain ChE inhibition. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) dose was 0.03 mg/kg/day to which a total UF of 100 was applied, followed by a FQPA safety factor of 3 to derive an ultimate PAD of 0.0001 mg/kg/day (U.S. EPA 2006).
The effects of the use of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in agriculture and households on water and sediment pollution in the Cikeruh River, Indonesia
Published in International Journal of River Basin Management, 2022
Katharina Oginawati, Anindyta Nursilmi Kahfa, Septian Hadi Susetyo
Pesticides play an essential role in producing high productivity in agriculture as pest control. However, pesticides are as poisonous as heavy metals, which can affect organisms' health (Oginawati et al., 2020). The use of pesticides in the agricultural environment affects pests and other organisms (Mahmood et al., 2016). The concentration of pesticides can last for several decades and accumulate (Mrema et al., 2013). Pesticide accumulation can then flow into the water system and can be dangerous to the environment (Mahmood et al., 2016). Widespread use of pesticides can spread and affect even remote areas. For example, DDT has been found in remote areas such as the North Pole and Antarctica (Corsolini, et al., 2011). Organochlorines include various chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and different pesticides, of which DDT was the most famous example (Corsolini, et al., 2011). Examples of other organochlorine insecticides are Lindane, Aldrin, Heptachlor, Dieldrin, DDT, Endrin, and Endosulfan. These chemicals are very persistent in the environment, for example, DDT has a half-life of up to 30 years (Bassig et al., 2020). Organophosphate pesticides include Diazinon, chlorpyrifos, malathion, Fenitrothion, Parathion, Methidathion, Profenofos. Organophosphate pesticides can inhibit acetylcholinesterase, which causes neurotoxicity (Naughton et al., 2018).