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Inside Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Gomathi Rajkumar, Murugan Rajan, Mairim Russo Serafini, Narendra Narain, Adriano A.S. Araujo, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Lijing Ke
During the past two decades, the cholinergic hypothesis, i.e. a dysfunction of acetylcholine-containing neurons in the brain, was associated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (Hansen et al., 2008). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate in the central nervous system (CNS), used to be the key focus in developing anti-AD drugs. However, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (i.e. donepezil) that once dominated the market are now declining, owing to their short effective period and limited efficiency (Hansen et al., 2008). In the past decade, several other hypotheses have emerged on the pathogenesis of AD. The major hallmark has been attributed to amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, neurofibrillary tangles induced by hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and neuronal death.
Synthesis of substituted N-phenylmaleimides and use in a Diels–Alder reaction: a green multi-step synthesis for an undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2019
Loyd D. Bastin, Manisha Nigam, Sam Martinus, James E. Maloney, Landon L. Benyack, Brendan Gainer
In addition to being an excellent dienophile, the maleimide moiety (Scheme 1(a)) is a core structural feature in several novel pharmaceuticals and crop safeners among other applications (80–82). Trujillo-Ferrara et al. have synthesized aryl-substituted maleimides (Scheme 1(b)) for application as new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors which are currently being investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (80). Trujillo-Ferrara et al. produced five different aryl-substituted maleimides with solventless methods and obtained high yields ranging from 78% to 99%. Maleimides find further application in the agricultural industry as herbicides and fungicides (82).