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Neurotoxicants
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Organophosphate-poisoned populations have shown a consistent pattern of deficits when compared to a nonexposed or non-poisoned population on measures of motor speed and coordination, sustained attention, and information processing speed.[6] In experimental models, developing animals have been shown to be more susceptible than adult animals to the acute toxicity of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos, which can cause neurobehavioral abnormalities.[7] Neonatal diazinon exposure below the threshold for appreciable cholinesterase inhibition in a non-monotonic dose–effect caused persisting neurocognitive deficits in adulthood. The organophosphorous insecticide can affect transmitter systems supporting memory function, differently, implying participation of mechanisms other than their common inhibition of cholinesterase.[5]
Product: Alfa-Tox
Published in Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell, First Responder’s Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents, 2018
Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION: WARNING! Harmful or fatal if swallowed. Skin contact or inhalation of dusts may be harmful. Do not get on skin, in the eyes, or on the clothing. Exposure may cause cholinesterase inhibition with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, salivation, sweating and pinpoint pupils.A physician should be contacted if anyone develops any signs or symptoms and suspects that they are caused by exposure to this product.ANTIDOTE IS ATROPINE AND 2-PAM do not give morphine
Biomolecules and Complex Biological Entities
Published in Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy, BioMEMS, 2016
Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy
The most widespread biosensor today is the glucose biosensor, used to measure the glucose concentration in blood. There are quite a few enzymes that could be used as glucose detectors. The following example shows the glucose enzyme reaction with glucose oxidase, one of the most stable enzymes for glucose detection. By using this enzymatic reaction, the glucose concentration is determined by measuring either the oxygen consumption or the hydrogen peroxide production. The presence of the second enzyme (catalase) enhances the first reaction by the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. Enzyme-based biosensors use semipermeable membranes. Target analytes diffuse toward the immobilized enzyme through this membrane. For example, L-glutamate oxidase is adsorbed onto a phosphatidylethanolamine-coated platinum electrode for the measurement of the neurotransmitter glutamate.15 The amperometric current due to oxidation of H2O2 is measured by a potentiostat. Various enzymatic biosensors for organophosphorous, carbamate pesticides, and other potentially harmful pollutants in the environment have been developed.16 These biosensors are based on the activity of the choline oxidase and the inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes by several toxic chemicals. Cholinesterases are important enzymes that hydrolyze acetylcoline in the nervous system. Enzyme-based biosensors will be described and discussed in Chapter 6. An example of using microfluidics to monitor cellular secretions by online fluorescence-based enzyme assay, as shown in Figure 3.43, is described in Clark et al.17
Characterization of the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, enzyme inhibition, and anticancer properties of Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow)
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2022
Nagihan Karaaslan Ayhan, Merve Goksin Karaaslan Tunc, Samir Abbas Ali Noma, Ali Kurucay, Burhan Ates
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C.3.1.1.7) is a key cholinesterase that plays an important role in cholinergic transmission. Enzymes are expressed in all tissue cells but have less activity. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme is primarily in muscles, brain, and cholinergic neurons and is responsible for the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh) at synapses.[24] Indeed, in the late phase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), AChE levels increase significantly. Cholinesterase inhibitors or anti-cholinesterase prevent the breakdown of the neurotransmitter butyrylcholine or acetylcholine. The cholinergic system, which plays a significant role in the regulation of cognition, learning, and memory processes, has been extensively studied for the design of Alzheimer’s disease drugs.[25]
In vitro cholinesterase enzymes inhibitory potential and in silico molecular docking studies of biogenic metal oxides nanoparticles
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2018
Ali Talha Khalil, Muhammad Ayaz, Muhammad Ovais, Abdul Wadood, Muhammad Ali, Zabta Khan Shinwari, Malik Maaza
In spite of the rigorous research on the various theranostic modalities for AD, there are no an effective diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for the disease.[14] Among the therapeutic approaches for the potential treatment of AD, the cholinesterase inhibitors presents a popular target and led to the only approved drugs for severe or mild AD. This therapeutic strategy is based on the cholinergic hypothesis.[15] Various natural and synthetic chemicals have been researched for the effective inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes. These cholinesterase enzymes works by cleaving the acetyl choline (neurotransmitter) in the synapsis or neuro-muscular junctions. The decreased levels of acetyl choline results in progression of AD.
Ruthenium(II) complexes bearing benzimidazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands as potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and antiproliferative agents
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Lamia Boubakri, Ahlem Chakchouk-Mtiba, Olfa Naouali, Lotfi Mellouli, Lamjed Mansour, Ismail Özdemir, Sedat Yaser, Mathieu Sauthier, Naceur Hamdi
AChE belongs to the family of cholinesterases (ChEs), which are specialized carboxylic ester hydrolases that break down esters of choline. Cholinesterase class includes AChE which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and pseudocholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) which utilizes butyrylcholine as substrate. AChE is mainly found at neuromuscular junctions and cholinergic synapses in the central nervous system [42]. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been linked to a deficiency in the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Subsequently, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) were introduced for the symptomatic treatment of AD [43] and other possible therapeutic applications in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease [44].