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Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Nitromethane, CH3NO2, is a colorless liquid that is soluble in water. The specific gravity is 1.13, which is heavier than water. Nitromethane is a dangerous fire and explosion risk, and is shock- and heat-sensitive. It may detonate from nearby explosions. The boiling point is 213°F and the flash point is 95°F. The flammable range only lists a lower explosive limit, which is 7.3% in air; an upper limit has not been established. The ignition temperature is 785°F. Nitromethane may decompose explosively above 599°F if confined, and is a dangerous fire and explosion risk, as well as toxic by ingestion and inhalation. The threshold limit value (TLV) is 100 ppm in air. The UN 4-digit identification number is 1261; the NFPA 704 designation is health—1, flammability—3 and reactivity—4. Nitromethane is used in drag racing to give the fuel in the engine an extra kick to increase speed. It is also used in polymers and rocket fuel.
Explosive terrorism characteristics of explosives and explosions
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Nitromethane, CH3NO2, is a colorless liquid that is soluble in water. The specific gravity is 1.13, which is heavier than water. Nitromethane is a dangerous fire and explosion risk, and is shock and heat sensitive. It may detonate from nearby explosions. The boiling point is 213°F, and the flash point is 95°F. The flammable range only lists a lower-explosive limit, which is 7.3% in air; an upper limit has not been established. The ignition temperature is 785°F. Nitromethane may decompose explosively above 599°F if confined, and is a dangerous fire and explosion risk, as well as toxic by ingestion and inhalation. The threshold limit value (TLV) is 100 ppm in air. The four-digit UN identification number is 1261; the NFPA 704 designation is health 1, flammability 3, and reactivity 4. Nitromethane is used in drag racing to give the fuel in the engine an extra kick to increase speed. It is also used in polymers and rocket fuel (Figure 6.5).
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Industrial Solvents Handbook, Revised And Expanded, 2003
Nitroparaffins are not explosives as determined by tests approved by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) for shipping classifications. However, nitromethane when sensitized by small amounts of amines can be detonated by a Number 8 blasting cap. Nitromethane is used as a fuel component in ammonium nitrate explosives. Nitroparaffins are used in diesel fuel to increase power output of engines. Nitropropane is completely miscible in diesel fuel, nitroethane solubility is 18 wt%, and nitromethane is only a 2 wt%. Nitromethane is used as a fuel in racing cars and in model engines. A blend of nitromethane and methanol is said to produce increased power output over regular hydrocarbon fuels. 1-Nitropropane is used as a grinding solvent for the production of aluminum powder because of its ability to displace surface moisture on the aluminum and the solvent aids in the dispersion of the aluminum powder. Nitromethane is used as a metal stabilizer for
Effect of ternary fuel blends on performance and emission characteristics of stationary VCR diesel engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Chandan Kumar, Kunj Bihari Rana, Brajesh Tripathi
Nitromethane is also an organic compound, and it can be produced scientifically by mixing of nitric acid and propane in the gaseous phase (350–450°C). As proper supply of oxygen is the essential combustion requirement, nitromethane is considered as an oxygenated additive due to enough oxygen content present in it (Moghaddam and Moghaddam 2014). Nitromethane is also a Cetane number improver, marginally viscous, extremely polar and thermally sensitive, which provides the ignition instantaneously inside the combustion space after the injection (Fayyazbakhsh and Pirouzfar 2016). Pirouzfar, Moghaddam, and Mirza (2012) reported that nitromethane has proven superior physico-chemical properties for engine combustion. Very few researchers used the NM additive with diesel fuel in their analysis to enhance the combustion characteristics as presented in Table 3.
Measurements of the High Temperature Ignition Delay Times and Kinetic Modeling Study on Oxidation of Nitromethane
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2020
Zhongquan Gao, Meng Yang, Chenglong Tang, Feiyu Yang, Ke Yang, Fuquan Deng, Zuohua Huang
Nitromethane (NM) is an energetic compound that has been used in both ground transportation engines and rocket engines. Adding NM into gasoline increases the octane number (Cracknell et al., 2009), prevents knocking (Kalghatgi, 2005), and enhances the thermal efficiency of direct injection gasoline engine that typically operates at higher compression ratio. NM can also be used in racing and model engines which need to be well lubricated (Brequigny et al., 2015). The nitro group included in NM provides oxygen which allows more fuel to be added to the engine to boost its acceleration. Furthermore, NM is the simplest C-N bond containing species whose combustion chemistry is referenced to better understand the other more complex propellants such as research department of explosive (RDX) and more complex energetic materials (Boyer and Kuo, 2007; Kelzenberg et al., 1999; Lu et al., 1997). The physical properties of NM are well known (Berman and West, 2002; Boyer and Kuo, 2006; Makovky and Lenji, 2002; Mccullough et al., 1954), and extensive investigations have been conducted to understand the NM detonation dynamics (Bouyer et al., 2006; Leal-Crouzet et al., 2000; Menikoff and Shaw, 2011; Prestes et al., 1995).
Kinetic Modeling of NOx Formation and Consumption during Methanol and Ethanol Oxidation
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2019
Krishna Prasad Shrestha, Lars Seidel, Thomas Zeuch, Fabian Mauss
For ethanol in presence of NO a similar route of formation and consumption of NO is observed (flow analysis in Figure S10 in the supplemental material) as for methanol promoting the oxidation of ethanol at lower temperatures. In contrast to methanol, there is a small amount of CH3NO2 (nitromethane) formation, which is eventually a route back to NO through its decomposition channel. Nitromethane is mainly produced by recombination between CH3 and NO2 (CH3+NO2(+M)⇋CH3NO2(+M)), the formed CH3NO2 further reacts with H atoms to form CH2NO2+H2 and HONO+CH3, while it also reacts with OH radicals producing CH2NO2 and H2O. CH2NO2 and HONO thermally decompose to CH2O+NO and OH+NO respectively recycling back NO and producing the reactive OH radical. These OH radicals react with C2H5OH mainly producing CH3CHOH and CH2CH2OH radicals. CH3CHOH further reacts with O2 forming CH3CHO+HO2, while CH2CH2OH thermally decomposes to C2H4 and OH. Further increase of OH radical concentrations is observed through the reaction channel NO+HO2⇋NO2+OH and NO2+H⇋NO+OH.