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Hydrogel Nanocomposites as an Advanced Material
Published in Vineet Kumar, Praveen Guleria, Nandita Dasgupta, Shivendu Ranjan, Functionalized Nanomaterials II, 2021
Ankur H. Gor, Pragnesh N. Dave
It was found that copper containing a nanocomposite catalyst exhibited lower catalytic efficiency as compared to nickel containing a nanocomposite catalyst (Zhou et al. 2017). From an environmental point of view, nitro compound is seen as the most toxic pollutant and increased worries in relation to the plant and animal kingdom. Nitro compounds are formed in many industrial operations and are expelled into the environment. Therefore, converting hazardous pollutants into their less harmful or harmless species is a challenge. Converting nitro compound containing an organic component into amine-substituted aromatic compounds is more useful. Therefore, to obtain amino compounds from nitro compounds is vital, and different types of metal nanocatalysts such as Co (Cobalt), Ni (Nickel), Au (Gold), Ru (Ruthenium), Ag (Silver), Cu (Copper), Pt (platinum), Fe (Iron), TiO2 (Titanium dioxide), and so on, are used in the presence of a reducing agent (Sahiner 2013). Sarkar et al. reported how they crosslinked pectin-stabilized exfoliated titanium dioxidenano sheet-reinforced silver nanoparticles for the reduction of p-nitrophenol. In the hydrogen gaining of the nitro aromatic compound, different parameters have their own influence on it. The full hydrogen gaining of 4-NP could be completed within 16 s using a 5 mg nanocomposite catalyst. The excellent catalyst efficiency is due to the cumulative effect of crosslinked amylopectin and the in situ fabrication of Ag NPs.
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
The other bonding spot on the nitrogen is attached to a hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon-derivative backbone of some type. These backbones may include methane and others. A nitro compound is a hydrocarbon with one or more hydrogen atoms removed and replaced by the nitro functional group NO2. If more than one nitro radical is used, they are represented by the Greek prefix indicating the number: “di-” for two, “tri-” for three and “tetra-” indicating four. When naming compounds from the nitro group, the word “nitro” is used first and the end is the hydrocarbon to which the nitro is attached. Methane has had one hydrogen atom removed, which becomes the methyl radical CH3 to create a place to attach the nitrogen on the nitro functional group NO2.
Bioremediation Approaches for Persistent Organic Pollutants Using Microbial Biofilms
Published in Y.V. Nancharaiah, Vayalam P. Venugopalan, Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation and Wastewater Treatment, 2019
Sudhir K. Shukla, Neelam Kungwani, T. Subba Rao
Nitro-aromatic compounds consist of a minimum of one nitro group (-NO2) attached to an aromatic ring (see Table 1). These compounds consist of an imperative group of chemical which are widely used in various industries at present. Nitro-aromatic compounds are released to the environment by both synthetic and natural means; however, the major contribution is through synthetic means. The unique chemistry of the nitro group has led to the use of several nitro-aromatic compounds as agrochemicals, textile, and chemicals in pharmaceutical industry (Su et al. 2012). They are highly resistant to biodegradation because of their recalcitrant character. They are toxic to both humans and animals; the reported manifestations in human are sensitization of skin, immuno-toxicity, and methaemoglobinemia. Nitro-aromatic compounds are also common toxic pollutants observed in many aquatic ecosystems (Katritzky et al. 2003).
Synthesis, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Schiff base rare earth metal complexes: a review of recent work
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2023
Rajesh Kumar, Kumari Seema, Dileep Kumar Singh, Pallavi Jain, Navneet Manav, Budhdeo Gautam, Sachchida Nand Kumar
Mishra et al.31 synthesized Schiff bases 36a-b by condensation between ethanolic solution of benzenedicarboxaldehyde and thiazole-amines under reflux for 7–8 h (Scheme 9). Complexes 37a-c and 38a-c were synthesized by reaction of 36a-b in methanol with dropwise addition of metal nitrate and reflux for 3–4 h with characterization by NMR, FTIR, mass spectroscopy, fluorescence and UV-vis spectroscopy methods. The ligands and complexes were screened for antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive microbial culture (i.e. S. aureus and pimple-causing bacteria) using well diffusion procedure and demonstrated high MIC against pathogenic microbes. Nitro containing compounds demonstrated promising antimicrobial activities in comparison to non-nitro substituted compounds. The benzothiazole containing complexes had good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Ligand 36b and its eight-coordinate lanthanide(III) complexes demonstrated good antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. enteritidis and K. pneumonia.
Multi-responsive luminescent 2D Zn(II)-based coordination polymer for detection of trinitrophenol and Fe3+
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
Jing Wang, Lu Lu, Qiongjie Ding, Si-Le Zhang, Jun Wang, Ayushi Singh, Abhinav Kumar, Aiqing Ma
Coordination polymers (CPs) attract attention as possible chemical sensors for the detection of the nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) and heavy metal ions [1–4]. The nitro-aromatic compounds are important in the manufacture of explosives. Hence, NACs led to enormous waste of natural resources and in turn imposed serious environmental problems [2]. In this regard a highly luminescent CP was reported by Li et al. which was capable of detecting traces of nitro-aromatic explosives [3a]. Moreover, Shi et al. reported the first dual functional luminescent sensor that could quantitatively detect nitrobenzene [4]. Fe3+ ions are widely used in several areas and exhibit varied effects on the human body and other biological tissues. For example it plays an essential role in vital cell functions (such as hemoglobin formation, muscle, and brain function). However, excess of Fe3+ in living cells may cause damage in nucleotides and proteins by catalyzing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [5]. CPs/MOFs have been investigated as possible materials which can be used for detecting Fe3+ ions in aqueous medium. The MOF, MIL-53(Al) displayed highly selective and sensitive detection of Fe3+ in aqueous solution [6]. Although significant efforts had already been devoted to this research, the mechanisms of sensing of molecules such as NACs and ions is still mostly unexplored. Therefore, research in this area remains to be done [7].
Remediation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Persistent in the Environment – A review
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2020
In the anaerobic system (Figure 2), the nitro moieties of TNT can be successfully reduced to nitroso, hydroxylamino and finally amino groups with the help of anaerobic bacteria like Clostridium sp. Desulfovibrio sp. and Methanococcus sp. One of the nitro groups in TNT is reduced to hydroxyl amine group (-NHOH), which is further reduced to 2-amino 4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT) or 4-amino 2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT). 2ADNT and 4ADNT are the most common intermediates during continuous TNT reduction process. The intermediates are further reduced to 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT) followed by reduction to 2,4,6 triaminotoluene (TAT) with the aid of heterotrophic bacteria. TAT appears as a dead-end metabolite unless amended with co-substrates or additional electron acceptors (Ederer, Lewis, and Crawford 1997; Moshe et al. 2009). The role of Clostridium acetobutylicum in anaerobic TNT bioremediation systems received considerable attention in the past due to their ability to rapidly reduce the nitro groups in TNT to hydroxylaminonitrotoluenes subsequently followed by dihydroxylaminotoluene (Hughes, Wang., and Zhang 1999). Hydroxylamines can be either reduced to amines or bound with the organic fraction of soils and form azoxytoluenes. They are often more mutagenic than their parent nitro compounds, and their accumulation in remediation systems may represent a concern, depending on their eventual fate.