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Biological Process for Butanol Production
Published in Jay J. Cheng, Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes, 2017
Maurycy Daroch, Jian-Hang Zhu, Fangxiao Yang
Butanol (biobutanol, if derived from biological feedstocks), an aliphatic saturated alcohol, is an industrial commodity, currently produced from petrochemical feedstock, with a worldwide capacity of 350 million gallons (1325 million liters) with an average selling price of $4/gallon ($1.06/L or $1.31/kg) (Green, 2011; Ranjan and Moholkar, 2012). Meanwhile, biobutanol production cost using fermentation can be estimated at $0.80–2.00/kg. The cost mostly depends on the selection of fermentation feedstock (almost 80%) and butanol purification costs (about 14%) in starch to butanol process (Green, 2011). It is higher than current cost of butanol produced through petrochemical routes which is estimated at $1.00–1.50/kg (Jiang et al., 2015). Currently, the primary industrial use of butanol is as a solvent. Although butanol is not currently used as a biofuel, it has many properties that make it very attractive. A comparison of critical fuel parameters of butanol with gasoline and ethanol clearly shows that it indeed represents a better alternative over ethanol (see Table 8.1).
Production of Butanol from Corn
Published in Shelley Minteer, Alcoholic Fuels, 2016
Thaddeus C. Ezeji, Nasib Qureshi, Patrick Karcher, Hans P. Blaschek
Butanol is a four-carbon alcohol, a clear neutral liquid with a strong characteristic odor. It is miscible with most solvents (alcohols, ether, aldehydes, ketones, and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons), is sparingly soluble in water (water solubility 6.3%) and is a highly refractive compound. Currently, butanol is produced chemically by either the oxo process starting from propylene (with H2 and CO over rhodium catalyst) or the aldol process starting from acetaldehyde (Sherman, 1979). Butanol is also produced by fermentation of corn and corn-milling byproducts. Butanol is a chemical that has excellent fuel characteristics. It contains approximately 22% oxygen, which when used as a fuel extender will result in more complete fuel combustion. Use of butanol as fuel will contribute to clean air by reducing smog-creating compounds, harmful emissions (carbon monoxide) and unburned hydrocarbons in the tail pipe exhaust. Butanol has research and motor octane numbers of113 and 94, compared to 111 and 92 for ethanol (Ladisch, 1991). Some of the advantages of butanol as a fuel have been reported previously (Ladisch, 1991).
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Industrial Solvents Handbook, Revised And Expanded, 2003
n-ButanoI is widely used to produce plasticizer-type esters (e.g., phthalates, phosphates, sebacates, oleates, stearates). Two important ester derivatives are n- butyl acetate and n-butyl acrylate. These are used coating applications and are made from n-butanol. Glycol ether derivatives (e.g., ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, EB) is used in the coating industry. It is the product of the n-butyl reaction with ethylene oxide in the presence of an acid catalyst. Other important n-butyl derivatives are butyl amines and butyl esters. These are used in formulations for herbicides, as butyl xanthate ore floatation acids, butylated urea, and melamineformaldehyde resins. n-Butanol (n-butyl alcohol), a four carbon straight chain alcohol, is a medium-boiling liquid that is useful as a chemical intermediate and solvent. The future of n-butanol is tied to surface coatings, either through its derivatives or in direct solvent uses. Butanol and its derivatives continue to benefit from the long-term growth of water-based coatings formulations of all kinds. Analysts estimate that nearly 70% of all exterior architectural paints and as much as 85% of interior paints are now water-based. Therefore butanol, butyl acrylate and butyl acetate, become increasingly important.
Influence of gas-release strategies on the production of biohydrogen and biobutanol in ABE fermentation
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Ullrich Heinz Stein, M. Abbasi-Hosseini, J. Kain, W. Fuchs, G. Bochmann
Socio-economic development with its search for sustainable production as well as the depletion of fossil fuels increases the need to find substitutes for oil-based products. Acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation is considered a promising way to overcome petrochemical-dependent production. Butanol especially can be used in different applications which have been, until now, commonly based on fossil fuels. As biofuel, it provides many advantages compared to ethanol. It has a higher energy content, is totally miscible with gasoline and can be distributed over the existing infrastructure due to its less corrosive behavior and less hygroscopic characteristics.1–3 Moreover, butanol can be used as a chemical building block for the production of lacquers, paints, and surface coatings and as a raw solvent in the manufacturing of textiles and plasticizers.4
Emission investigation of higher alcohol and biodiesel blends in constant speed diesel engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
S. Ganesan, Yuvarajan Devarajan
Biodiesel is methyl ester (or) ethyl ester derived from vegetable oils which can be a suitable substitute for conventional petroleum-based fuels (Anderson, Devarajan, and Nagappan 2017; Arul Gnana Dhas, Devarajan, and Nagappan 2018). Underground carbon resources are diminishing very vastly due to transportation and industrialisation, on other side using of fossil fuels(petroleum-based fuels) environmental pollution leads to increase in greenhouse gases (Devarajan et al. 2017). Bio-alcohols is a more attractive alternative fuel, derived from non-food biomass, forest wood backs, marine algae and agricultural residuals (Kishore Pandian et al. 2017; Rathinam et al. 2018). Due to its oxygenated additives, it has the potential to reduce particulate emission (Devarajan, Mahalingam, et al. 2018; Devarajan, Munuswamy, Nagappan, et al. 2018). N-butanol is an alcohol containing five carbon atoms and colourless liquid. Addition of n-butanol with diesel results longer ignition delay. While compared to diesel, consumption increases of using n-butanol and no changes in brake thermal efficiency. Emission characteristics for HC and CO show an increase in low load and decrease in high loads (Joy et al. 2017; Senthilkumar et al. 2018; Radhakrishnan et al. 2018).
Combustion, emission, and phase stability features of a diesel engine fueled by Jatropha/ethanol blends and n-butanol as co-solvent
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2020
Ahmed I. El-Seesy, Hamdy Hassan, Latif Ibraheem, Zhixia He, Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar
Butanol is the highly explored representative of the alcohol group, and it has four-carbon chain structure, the – OH group can connect itself in four unique locations which can be forming in four isomers-1-butanol, 2-butanol, iso-butanol, and tert-butanol (Nanthagopal et al. 2020a; No 2016; Rajesh Kumar and Saravanan 2016). It has less hydrophilic, toxic, and corrosive compared to ethanol and its lower volatile nature, a high flash point which is considered more suitable for CI engines. Moreover, the kinematic viscosity of butanol is pretty near to conventional fuel, which is somewhat fitting for the fuel injection system (Babu and Murthy 2017). Compared to ethanol, butanol proves considerably superior combustion features credited to its higher heating value, lower heat of vaporization befitting it simpler to evaporate within the combustion chamber and belittling the cold start impediments (Babu and Murthy 2017). Butanol could be utilized in several areas such as co-solvent, oxygenated additive, and cleaning agent (Babu and Murthy 2017).