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Biodiesel, Power Alcohol and Butanol Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Butanol (C4H10O) or butyl alcohol is an alcohol which serves the purpose of a solvent at various scales and is also a fuel. Butanol that is a product of a process involving biological mass is termed as biobutanol. Biobutanol is produced by microbial fermentation. It is made from a range of sugars, starch and certain organic matter of the same type as that of ethanol. It can also be produced by fermenting lignocellulosic biomass; nevertheless chemical pretreatment or enzymatic hydrolysis is required prior to its use as a substrate (Figure 17.3). The processing of biobutanol production is currently more expensive when compared to processing of ethanol so it has not yet been commercialized on a bigger scale. Biobutanol has considerable merits when compared to ethanol, which is why there is a lot of research going on regarding its development (Bharathiraja et al., 2017).
Efficiency of regeneration by solvent extraction for different types of waste oil
Published in Cândida Vilarinho, Fernando Castro, Maria de Lurdes Lopes, WASTES – Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities II, 2017
C.T. Pinheiro, M.J. Quina, L.M. Gando-Ferreira
The solvent selected was 1-butanol and this choice was based on: i) the Burrel’s classification, which indicates that alcohols have a high removal capacity compared with ketones, with moderate removal capacity, and with hydrocarbons that have low removal capacity due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds (Burrell, 1968). Molecular weight of alcohols and ketones strongly influences the extraction process. Solvents with low molecular weights (<3 carbons) may not dissolve base oils and solvents with longer chain length (>5 carbons) might hinder the flocculation of impurities (Kamal & Khan, 2009). ii) The literature background provides detailed information on the solvents selectivity to extract base oil from the waste oil. Regarding single solvents, several researchers reported that among a great variety of alcohols and ketones, 1-butanol promotes the highest removal of impurities (Mohammed et al., 2013). iii) The GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) solvent selection guide ranked 1-butanol as one of the most ‘greener’ solvents with less environmental, health and safety issues when compared with others. Indeed, 1-butanol has a boiling point of 118°C that allows its recovery by distillation (Henderson et al., 2011).
Biomass Conversion Process for Energy Recovery
Published in D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, Energy Conversion, 2017
Mark M. Wright, Robert C. Brown
Butanol is of particular industrial interest because of its high compatibility with the existing vehicle technologies. In addition to a higher heating value than ethanol, butanol can power existing gasoline engines without major modifications. In fact, gasoline engines can operate on up to 100% butanol blends. This would overcome the 10% volumetric blend limit of ethanol to gasoline in modern vehicles. The challenges for butanol are mostly associated with its production. Butanol production proceeds through either the intermediate hydrocarbon propylene or acetaldehyde. The propylene route employs a rhodium catalyst. The acetaldehyde pathway is a fermentation process commonly known as the acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) process. The ABE process shares many similarities with corn fermentation. However, it suffers from low product specificity and yield due in part to high butanol toxicity to the fermenting microorganisms [21]. Low product yields and butanol concentrations in the bioreactors are key reasons for higher butanol production capital and fuel costs relative to ethanol fermentation [22]. There are recent industry indications that some of these challenges have been overcome to allow rapid conversion of existing corn ethanol facilities to butanol.
Effect of 1-butanol on the characteristics of diesel engine powered with novel tamarind biodiesel for the future sustainable energy source
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
D.L.S.V.N. Swamy, Y. Kowsik, V. Dhana Raju, K. Appa Rao, Harish Venu, L. Subramani, K. Bala Prasad
Butanol is one of the viable fuels for diesel engine applications. Normal butanol is chemically represented as C4H10 (n-butanol). Butanol can be produced by fermentation of biomass; algae, corn and plant materials that contain cellulose. The butanol is less toxic and volatile than methanol. The mixtures of butanol-diesel have proven to be more stable. Few researchers already explored the performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine. Majority of the researchers were recommended the use of butanol for compression ignition engines due to its enhancement in brake thermal efficiency and significant reduction in CO and smoke emissions. Wei et al. (2014) studied the effect of n-pentanol addition to the diesel fuel to explore the characteristics of the diesel engine. They reported that addition of n-pentanol have shown enhanced hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions. Also, they found significant reductions in both particulate mass and number concentration.
Chemical and Sooting Structures of Counterflow Diffusion Flames of Butanol Isomers: An Experimental and Modeling Study
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Jizhou Zhang, Fuwu Yan, Peng Jiang, Mengxiang Zhou, Yu Wang
Butanol is an alternative fuel with promising potentials for the emission reduction of greenhouse gases and soot particles (Vinod Babu, Madhu Murthy, Amba Prasad Rao 2017). As a second-generation biofuel, butanol can be produced from inedible crops including organic waste without posing threats to food security (Naik et al. 2010; Sarathy et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2013). In addition, butanol has a higher energy density, higher cetane number, better miscibility with conventional hydrocarbons, and lower volatility as compared to the widely used ethanol fuel (Hua et al. 2020; Lipovsky et al. 2016). Due to the relatively high cost (Veza, Said, Latiff 2019), co-combustion of butanol with other conventional hydrocarbon fuels, avoiding the need of extensive modification of existing combustion devices, is believed to be a more economical option for its wide applications (Armas, García-Contreras, Ramos 2012). Therefore, it is of interests to investigate the effects of butanol addition on the combustion and emission characteristics of conventional petroleum-derived fuels.
Influence of acetic and butyric acid and gas release modes on immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum (DSMZ 792) in repeated batch experiments
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Ullrich Heinz Stein, M. Abbasi-Hosseini, G. Bochmann, W. Fuchs
Depletion of fossil fuels and therefore the need to find substitutes for oil-based products are important scientific questions. A great deal of research has been done in the field of sustainable production, which is an established but still growing economy. Butanol is one of the major oil-based products and is employed, for example, as a chemical building block in many applications such as surface coatings, paints, bio-based polymers, plastics and more [1]. Its favorable chemical and physical properties (e.g. lower vapor pressure, higher energy content, less hygroscopic, etc.) make butanol, in comparison to ethanol, better suited for blending with gasoline; in fact, butanol can even completely replace ethanol. Furthermore, it can be distributed over the existing pipeline infrastructure and is less corrosive than ethanol [2, 3]. Usually derived from fossil fuels, butanol can also be produced by microbial conversion with clostridial strains through acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Considerable research has been done on microbial ABE fermentation, and interest has arisen to bypass energy usage and buildup of greenhouse gases through fossil-based processes. A wide range of strategies have been proposed to achieve the economic feasibility of microbial butanol, which are described in detail by Maiti et al. [4]. Despite this scientific progress, substantial research must be conducted to match up with the petrol-based industry from an economic point of view.