China
Africa
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Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Carrier Systems
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
Various poly(amides) were reported, e.g., poly(l-glutamic acid) is a poly(amide) composed of naturally occurring l-glutamic acid residues linked together through amide bonds. It is degraded into monomeric l-glutamic acid by lysosomal enzymes, thus making it an ideal candidate as biodegradable biomaterial. The polymer is highly charged at physiological pH and has been identified as a unique gene/plasmid delivery vehicle (Nicol et al. 2002). Poly(aspartic acid) is synthesized from aspartic acid by thermal polymerization. It is a highly water-soluble ionic polymer with a carboxylate content much higher than poly(glutamic acid) (Nair and Laurencin 2007). Poly(l-lysine) is a small polypeptide of the essential amino acid l-lysine. Recently, the poly-l-lysine-coated PLGA micro-spheres containing retinoic acid have been explored for nerve tissue engineering. Embryonic carcinoma cells were seeded on them and found to exhibit differentiation into neural cells (Nojehdehian et al. 2009).
Agriculture
Published in John Gusdorf, Ecological Living, 2019
An additional perspective on the whole meat and environment issue can be gained by asking whether the world could grow enough food if we all stopped eating meat and dairy products entirely. Yes, we would have much more grain, soybeans, and other food for feeding people, but we would have to get along without all the meat and dairy from pasture and range land. It doesn’t seem immediately clear which would predominate – whether we’d have more or less food. The food we’d be doing without would be the highest quality, most complete protein in our diets, so it seems even less clear whether we could produce enough protein, and especially the limiting amino acid lysine. I’ve tried to begin answering those questions by starting with the amounts of protein and lysine each person requires – 46.5 g/day of protein, and 1.86 g/day of lysine. Those amounts times world population gives the amounts required – 118,361,768 tonnes of protein and 4,734,471 tonnes of lysine per year. For each crop or type of crop (e.g., vegetables), losses and other uses are subtracted from the tonnages harvested, to get the amounts available for human nutrition. These amounts are then multiplied by their protein and lysine contents to get an estimate of the totals of protein and lysine in food 175% of the required amount of protein and 168% for lysine (see Box 7.1).
Multi-objective optimization of fed-batch bioreactor for lysine production
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
Ashish M. Gujarathi, Swaprabha P. Patel, Badria Al Siyabi
Lysine is an essential α-amino acid in human nutrition and animal feed materials. Lysine can also be used as a chemical agent (catalyst) and as a medicament.[1] One of the most economical production processes for lysine is microbial fermentation.[2] In a real-world scenario, fed-batch bioreactors are naturally associated with conflicting objectives. The evolutionary optimization approach that makes use of population-based stochastic features makes them suitable for solving multi-objective optimization (MOO) problems.[3] These features enable evolutionary algorithms (EAs) in generating the Pareto optimal set of solutions. MOO using evolutionary approaches has been the focus of researchers for more than the last two decades. Reviews of various EAs of multi-objective optimization have been published.[4–6] Several real-world application-based problems are successfully attempted using EAs, such as non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) and its variants, swarm-based algorithms, multi-objective differential evolution (MODE) algorithm, and its variants, and so on.[7,8]
Synthesis, characterization and biological applications of curcumin-lysine based schiff base and its metal complexes
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Particularly, lysine (ly) is an essential amino acid existing in a comparable amount in potato (347.9 μg/g) and cereal products (up to 37 μg/g). Curcumin (cur) has been extensively used as a yellow pigment to color food, drugs and cosmetics, and it is also remarkable from a pharmaceutical point of view because of its potential use as a drug or model substance for treatment of various diseases [12]. Curcumin seems to be toxic to cancerous cells and cytoprotective to healthy cells, possessing a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-oxidant activities [13, 14].