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Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus: a Review
Published in Megh R Goyal, Sustainable Biological Systems for Agriculture, 2018
Divya Lakshminarayanan, Jessen George, Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu
Methicillin-Resistant 5. aureus is a worldwide problem but the knowledge is limited about occurrence in clinical and nonclinical environments of the developing countries. Vancomycins, linezolid are still the drug of choice for treating multidrug resistant MRSA infections. A detailed molecular study to monitor the epidemiology of MRSA in the country is highly recommended. It is also being increasingly realized that nonclinical isolates should also be tested for antibiotic resistance levels as resistance can develop by widespread use of antibiotics by farmers and veterinarians. The present study is an attempt to compile the scattered information on MRSA rate in South India and helps to predict future emergence and guide the development of strategies to counteract this resistance. The present study finding reveals that the prevalence of MRSA has increased over the years. Hence, further detailed nationwide study and continuous monitoring of MRSA is recommended for effective control of MRSA and also to prevent further selection of microbial resistance.
Fundamental Aspects of Targeted Drug Delivery
Published in Neelesh Kumar Mehra, Keerti Jain, Dendrimers in Nanomedicine, 2021
Ameeduzzafar, Nabil K. Alruwaili, Md. Rizwanullah, Syed Sarim Imam, Muhammad Afzal, Khalid Saad Alharbi, Javed Ahmad
In this, the targeting of the therapeutic agent takes place in intracellular targeted site/cells by the endocytosis mechanism or by using non-toxic ligands. Biswas and his associates developed surface engineering liposomes of paclitaxel for mitochondrial targeting. The formulation showed significant deposition of drugs in mitochondria of cancer cells as well as significant anti-cancer activity into cell culture as compared to unmodified liposomes (Biswas et al. 2012). Yang and his associates developed exosomes of linezolid for targeting of intracellular MRSA infection and showed more effectiveness against intracellular MRSA infections in vitro and in vivo than the free linezolid (Yang et al. 2018).
One-pot synthesis and characterization of Schiff base macrocyclic complexes as a potential bioactive core – a review
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
J. P. Remiya, T. S. Sikha, B. Shyni
According to Scheme S2, supplementary material, amide macrocyclic complexes, [M(C32H24N8O4)X]X2, where M = Cr(III), Mn(III) and Fe(III); X = Cl−, NO3−, CH3COO−, were synthesized by template condensation using oxalyldihydrazide and benzil in the presence of salts of the metal ions in methanolic medium by Singh et al. [85]. Six macrocyclic Cr(III) and Fe(III) complexes were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activities to assess their growth-inhibiting potential against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. [Cr(C32H24N8O4)Cl]Cl2(1) was the most potent of the series from minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). It exhibited a MIC of 4 µg/mL as shown by standard antibiotic linezolid towards two test strains, S. typhi and S. aureus. [Cr(C32H24N8O4)(OAc)](OAc)2(3) and [Fe(C32H24N8O4)(OAc)](OAc)2(6) exhibited poor or no activity against all bacterial strains. The presence of heteroaromatic nucleus or azomethine linkage in such complexes improve biological activities perhaps from rise in liposolubility of the molecules for crossing the cell membrane and hydrophobic character [86,87].
Prevalence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterococcus faecalis strains in patients with community-acquired urinary tract infections in Iran
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Abdullah Karimi, Zohreh Ghalavand, Fatemeh Fallah, Parisa Eslami, Mahmoud Parvin, Masoud Alebouyeh, Marjan Rashidan
Antimicrobial susceptibility of these strains was assessed by the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and E.test on Muller Hinton Agar medium. Antibiotic disks’ penicillin G (10 units), ampicillin (10 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), minocycline (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), levofloxacin (5 µg), gatifloxacin (5 µg), nitrofurantoin (300 µg), gentamicin (120 µg), and linezolid (30 µg) were used in the disk diffusion method (MAST GROUP Ltd., United kingdom). MIC Test Strips (Liofilchem®, Italy) were used for detection of antimicrobial susceptibility to daptomycin and vancomycin. Interpretation of results was performed according to the standard recommendation of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI, 2014). E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were used as reference control strains.
Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of textile dyeing wastewater under UV and visible light using ZnO/MgO nanocomposites as a novel photocatalyst
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2020
Bhaviya Raj R., Umadevi M., Parimaladevi R.
Chayma Abed et al. (2018) synthesized ZnO–ZnMgO–MgO nanocomposites by sol-gel method and evaluated their photocatalytic activity for aqueous Rhodamine B solution under sunlight irradiation. Poornaprakash et al. (2018a) attempted to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles with various Eu3+ doping concentrations by a simple co-precipitation method for multifunctional applications. Ene et al. (2019) studied the photocatalytic activities of the ZnO materials under UV and visible irradiation was investigated on two representative phenolic pollutants, phenol and resorcinol. Ali and Sajjad (2015) investigated the adsorption properties of MgO nanoparticles and ZnO–MgO nanocomposites for linezolid antibiotic removal from aqueous solution using response surface methodology. Poornaprakash et al. (2018b) investigated the structural, morphological, optical, photoluminescence, and photocatalytic properties of solvothermally synthesized Terbium-doped ZnS quantum dots. Srinivasa Rao et al. (2018) studied the structural and optical properties OF ZnMgO nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation. Anaya-Esparza et al. (2019) synthesized TiO2–ZnO–MgO mixed oxide nanomaterials and studied its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (EC), Salmonella paratyphi (SP), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Wani and Shah (2012) evaluated the effect of MgO and ZnO on some plant pathogenic fungi. Whereas, the main objective of this work is to synthesize different mol% of MgO in ZnO namely 0.9 M ZnO:0.1 M MgO, 0.7 M ZnO:0.3 M MgO, and 0.5 M ZnO:0.5 M MgO NCs, to characterize and to study their function as photocatalysts and as antibacterial agents, in the process of water treatment. To the best of our knowledge, there are no papers which have studied the photocatalytic degradation of real textile dyeing wastewater with different mol% of MgO in ZnO under both UV light and visible light irradiation, and the antibacterial efficacy of ZnO/MgO NCs against S. aureus and E. coli.