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About Mathematical Modeling
Published in Sandip Banerjee, Mathematical Modeling, 2021
The reaction of lead nitrate and potassium iodide in solution is lead iodide, which precipitates as a yellow solid at the bottom of the container. More lead iodine is produced if you add more lead nitrate to the solution and continues till all the potassium iodide is used up. The table shows the height of the precipitate in the container as a function of the amount of lead nitrate added [61]. Plot the data and sketch a piecewise linear function with two parts to fit the data points.Write a mathematical formula for the piecewise function.Interpret your graph in the context of the problem.
Materials Used for General Radiation Detection
Published in Alan Owens, Semiconductor Radiation Detectors, 2019
Lead iodide (PbI2) is a layered compound crystallizing in a hexagonal close-packed lattice whose structure displays a large degree of polytypism. Although over 32 polytypes are known, it generally solidifies into the hexagonal 2H form. It has been considered as a suitable material for X-ray and γ-ray detection since the 1970s in view of its high density (6.2 g cm–3) and wide bandgap (2.3–2.5 eV), which should allow detectors to operate at, or even above, room temperature. As a material, it has several advantages over HgI2. For example, it is environmentally very stable (low vapor pressure) and unlike HgI2 does not undergo a phase transformation below the melting point (403oC). This makes it possible to grow lead iodide monocrystals directly from the melt or to use sublimation near the melting point for purification and film deposition. Unfortunately, at the present time carrier mobility–lifetime products are poor, being of the order μeτe = 1×10−5 cm2V–1 and μhτh = 3 × 10−7 cm2V–1. This is roughly an order of magnitude lower than HgI2, which effectively precludes the fabrication of thick detectors if spectral performance is to be maintained. However, the high atomic number of its elements (ZPb = 82, ZI = 53) ensures good stopping power well into the hard X-ray region, and so detector thickness can be minimized for a given detection efficiency. For example, at 100 keV, the detector needs only be ~1 mm thick to absorb 90% of the incident radiation.
Next-generation technology starts with iodine
Published in Tatsuo Kaiho, Iodine Made Simple, 2017
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite compounds (MeNH3PbI3) are semiconductor materials used as a light-absorbing layer, and play an important role in perovskite solar cells. High-purity lead iodide (II) is used as an ingredient for perovskite compounds, to produce superior solar cell devices.
Perovskite solar cells: importance, challenges, and plasmonic enhancement
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2020
Moshsin Ijaz, Aleena Shoukat, Asma Ayub, Huma Tabassum, Hira Naseer, Rabia Tanveer, Atif Islam, Tahir Iqbal
In thin film solar cells, light entrapment can be enhanced using metallic nanoparticles(Krishnan et al. 2014). When light falls on these nanoparticles, surface plasmons resonance happens that increases light-trapping properties such as light absorption, photocurrent(Dabirian and Taghavinia 2015). Light absorption can be enhanced by the integration of nanoparticles on the surface of solar cell or inside the solar cell configuration. Photocurrent enhancement is more probable when nanoparticles are integrated on the surface(Sannomiya and Vörös 2011). In perovskite solar cell, methyl ammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells different configurations of nanoparticles are employed to improve light absorption. Improvement in light absorption leads to less thick perovskite solar cells(Atwater and Polman 2011). Silver nanostructures integrated in the transparent oxide layer of perovskite layer the efficiency from 15.19% to 17.72% that is improved to 20% (Carretero-Palacios, Jiménez-Solano, and Míguez 2016; Derkachova, Kolwas, and Demchenko 2016). Similarly size of nanoparticles also improves the efficiency of perovskite solar cells. The localized surface plasmons can be excited with appropriate frequency of incident light to cause surface.
Homogeneous and highly controlled deposition of low viscosity inks and application on fully printable perovskite solar cells
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2018
Simone M. P. Meroni, Youmna Mouhamad, Francesca De Rossi, Adam Pockett, Jennifer Baker, Renán Escalante, Justin Searle, Matthew J. Carnie, Eifion Jewell, Gerko Oskam, Trystan M. Watson
The effectiveness of the RbM technique was compared to a conventional manual drop deposition method in terms of performance and stability on 1 devices. A 2-step deposition method, where lead iodide () is dropped into the film and converted by immersion of the whole film in a methylammonium iodide (MAI) solution to form methylamine lead iodide (, MAPI) perovskite, was adopted following the method of Han et al. [16]. The use of , bright yellow, allows a visual monitoring of its infiltration through the mesoporous layers. The homogeneity of the deposition was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) sampling and Raman mapping. This mechanised infiltration method has the potential to automate the final stages of device fabrication. This means that from the introduction of the substrate through to the completion of an encapsulated device, the sequential layering by screen printing, infiltration using the RbM, and a final dip process are all mechanised and uniform. This has significant potential for unlocking high-volume continuous manufacture.
Transformation of twin-peak electromagnetically induced transparency to twin-peak electromagnetically induced absorption based on magnetic dipole and dielectric resonator
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2023
Yu-jing Yin, You Lv, Didi Zhu, Hai-Feng Zhang
VO2, a well-known phase change material, is widely used in the design of MS. 68°C serves as a dividing line between the metallic and dielectric states, with this feature EIA being able to be achieved without influencing EIT in the metallic state [22]. Under these extraordinary features, VO2 can also be applied in diverse advanced contexts, such as optical switches [23,24], modulators [25,26], thermal sensors [27,28], and so forth, has been reported. There are many more tunable materials, such as solution-lead iodide (PbI2) [29]. In addition to temperature control materials, electronic control materials, and other multi-functional integration are also put into use [30].