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Common Properties of Chemicals of Concern and Soil Matrices
Published in Cristiane Q. Surbeck, Jeff Kuo, Site Assessment and Remediation for Environmental Engineers, 2021
Cristiane Q. Surbeck, Jeff Kuo
Solubility is the degree that a substance (the solute) will dissolve into another substance (the solvent). Those who like a lot of sugar in their coffee will relate to this. The first spoonful of sugar will easily dissolve into a hot cup of coffee. The more spoonfuls of sugar are poured into the cup; the more vigorous mixing is necessary for the sugar to dissolve. At some point, more added sugar will not dissolve, and the grains will settle to the bottom of the cup. The concentration of sugar that remains dissolved in the cup is the solubility of sugar in coffee at the given temperature. The degree of solubility of any solute in water is expressed in units of concentration or percentage and depends on the temperature. Although a common saying is that “oil and water don’t mix,” oil actually does dissolve in water to some extent. If one were to mix oil and water in a cup, the oil will be dissolved in water at a concentration equal to its solubility. The remainder of the oil will float above the water in its original state. Oil will float on water because it is less dense than water, an LNAPL. As a reminder, a substance denser than water will settle to the bottom, as seen in Figure 2.7, even while some of it is dissolved in the water.
Expressions, Units, and Conversions Of Solubility Data
Published in A. L. Horvath, Halogenated Hydrocarbons, 2020
The solubility of gases in liquids are both temperature- and pressure-dependent. Because of the various units used for temperature and pressure in the literature, the reader will find use for conversion tables between different temperature and pressure units. Tables 9.5a and b show the relationships between the units of temperature values and the temperature interval, and Table 9.6 gives the log10 T, loge T, and 1000/T values between 0 and 100°C.
Structure of Molecules
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
Solubility is the property of one molecule (a solid, a liquid, or a gas called the solute) to dissolve into another molecule that is in the liquid state, called the solvent. Solubility is measured by the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium, and the result is a saturated solution. Is a ten-carbon molecule with only C and H likely to be soluble in water?
A study of solubility parameters on dispersion, dissolution, and homogenization of reinforcement TiO2 and poly(4-methyl-1-Pentene) in different solvents for the fabrication of TiO2/PMP composite film
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
The term solubility of a substance depends upon the physical and chemical properties of the solute and solvent and the physical conditions such as temperature, pressure, presence of other chemicals, and the pH value of the solution. Solid solubility in the liquid solvent depends on the nature of the solute and the solvent and is one of the prominent factors affecting solubility (Bonventre 2014; Fink 2012; Jalan et al. 2019). In the present work, to analyze the solubility of filler and polymer matrix, first TiO2 was dispersed in the solvent using mechanical stirring. Simultaneously the polymer was dissolved in the solvent using mechanical stirring at elevated temperature. Different theories are put forth for the polymer's solubility in various solvents to fabricate polymer film. This research work analyses the solubility success and failure using the concept of Hansen's solubility parameter and Teas graph.
An extraction-based facile method for measuring the solubility of organic solid compounds in supercritical carbon dioxide
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Jian-Lei Qi, Qin-Qin Xu, Jian-Fei Sun, Dan Zhou, Jian-Zhong Yin
An extraction weight loss method was proposed to measure the solubility of organic compounds in supercritical CO2 (scCO2). The simple and reliable apparatus includes a specially designed porous storage frame for holding the filter-paper bag with the compounds inside. The solubility of two organometallic salts (Cu(acac)2 and Co(acac)2) in scCO2 was measured in wide ranges of pressure (10–24 MPa) and temperature (313–333 K). The measured solubilities were within 2.3 × 10−2 to 14.1 × 10−2 g/L for Cu(acac)2 and 6.9 × 10−2 to 13.4 × 10−2 g/L for Co(acac)2. The solubility was found to monotonically increase as the pressure increased. A nonlinear trend was observed with regard to the temperature, which is related to the density of the supercritical fluid at specific pressures. The obtained solubility data are useful for adjusting the conditions when synthesizing supported nanocomposites with different metal loadings. In addition, the solubility data could be well described by Chrastil models, with low AARD values of 4.58% and 2.14% for Cu(acac)2 and Co(acac)2, respectively.
Experimental and numerical investigations of desulfurization wastewater evaporation in a lab-scale flue gas duct: evaporation and HCl release characteristics
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Yin Xu, Baosheng Jin, Zheng Zhou, Wenjian Fang
To validate the thermodynamic model, we compared the predicted and experimental salts solubility as shown in Figure 3. As can be seen, all the solubility increases with temperature. MgCl2 crystalizes from a saturated solution in its most hydrated forms, while the crystallization of CaCl2 varies with solution temperature. The transition temperature for CaCl2·6H2O turning to CaCl2·4H2O is 30.1°C, and that for CaCl2·4H2O turning to CaCl2·2H2O is 45.1°C [43]. We further compared the experimental and predicted HCl volatilization as shown in Figure 4. However, due to the lack of experimental data for CaCl2-MgCl2-HCl-H2O system, the experimental HCl volatilization data from CaCl2-HCl-H2O system and MgCl2-HCl-H2O system were used [44]. As can be seen, the thermodynamic model can predict the HCl volatilization correctly. The vapour mole fraction of HCl increases with the increasing aqueous HCl concentration, MgCl2 concentration, and CaCl2 concentration, respectively. However, the model slightly overestimates the HCl volatilization of MgCl2-HCl-H2O system while underestimates that of CaCl2-HCl-H2O system.