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Energy Storage and Transport
Published in D. Yogi Goswami, Principles of Solar Engineering, 2023
Lead-acid battery is a low-cost and popular storage choice for power-quality applications. Its application for utility shaping, however, has been very limited due to its short cycle life. A typical installation survives 1500 deep cycles at a maximum. Yet, lead-acid batteries have been used in a few commercial and large-scale energy management applications. Lead-acid battery has a specific energy of only 0.18 MJ/kg so would not be a viable automobile option apart from providing the small amount of energy needed to start an engine. It also has a poor energy density at around 0.25 MJ/L. The advantages of the lead-acid battery technology are low-cost and mature technology.
A Comprehensive Review on Energy Storage Systems
Published in Krishan Arora, Suman Lata Tripathi, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Smart Electrical Grid System, 2023
A. Gayathri, V. Rukkumani, V. Manimegalai, P. Pandiyan
Figure 15.19 depicts the charging and discharging of a lead–acid battery. While discharging, it produces lead sulfate (PbSO4), and in the charging process, it releases water. The life span of a lead–acid battery is around 6–15 years with 2,000 life cycles. The overall efficiency of the battery ranges from 70% to 90% [44]. Some of the low ratings of LAB are SLI batteries and batteries utilized in UPS with voltage ratings of 6, 8, and 12 V [32].
Techno-economic analysis of electric vehicles
Published in V.S.K.V. Harish, Amit Vilas Sant, Arun Kumar, Renewable Energy Integration with Building Energy Systems, 2022
Chaitali Mehta, Amit V. Sant, Arpit J. Patel, V.S.K.V. Harish
The approximate cost comparison of a two-wheel electric vehicle and an internal combustion engine-based vehicle in India in terms of capital cost is presented in Table 7.2. Similarly, Tables 7.3 and 7.4 show the approximate cost comparison of a two-wheel electric vehicle and an internal combustion engine-based vehicle in India in terms of operation parameters and operation costs. The following assumptions are considered for comparison. The lifetime of both vehicles is taken as ten years.The lifetime of a lead-acid battery is three years (deep-cycle lead-acid battery).The lifetime of a Li-ion battery is six years.The battery is 50% of the cost of the electric vehicle.
Dynamic MPPT Controller Using Cascade Neural Network for a Wind Power Conversion System with Energy Management
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
K. Chandrasekaran, Madhusmita Mohanty, Mallikarjuna Golla, A. Venkadesan, Sishaj P. Simon
There are different types of rechargeable batteries available on the market, but the lead-acid battery is widely used because of its low initial cost, easy availability, and low maintainability. A lead-acid battery has a high specific power, and thus it can supply high surge currents. Different mathematical models of battery have been described in the literature [26,30], but the generic model of battery presented in [30] is implemented in this paper. This model considers SOC as the state variable and can accurately represent the electrochemistry of the battery. The generic model of the battery can be represented as Here, Eo is the no-load battery voltage (V), K is the polarization voltage (V), Q is the battery capacity (Ah), is the charge drawn or supplied by the battery (Ah), A is the exponential zone amplitude (V), B is the exponential zone time constant inverse (Ah)−1, Vbatt is the battery voltage (V), R is the internal resistance of the battery (Ω), and Ibatt is the battery current (A).
Optimal utilization of integrated photovoltaic battery systems: An application in the residential sector
Published in IISE Transactions, 2022
Zeyu Liu, Mohammad Ramshani, Anahita Khojandi, Xueping Li
The lead acid battery is one of the most widely considered storage units for PV systems (Gitizadeh and Fakharzadegan, 2013; Barnes et al., 2015). The lead acid battery is one of the oldest rechargeable solid state battery technologies (Oberhofer and Meisen, 2012) and has been widely used in commercial applications, due to its low cost (Dufo-López et al., 2021). However, a lead acid battery generally has a short lifespan, requires high levels of maintenance, and has a poor energy density (Diouf and Pode, 2015). Such shortcomings render lead acid batteries cost-ineffective for storing a large amount of energy, making them unfit for grid storage systems (Oberhofer and Meisen, 2012).
Design and development of battery management system (BMS) using hybrid multilevel converter
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
M. Kokila, P. Manimekalai, V. Indragandhi
The lead-acid battery is considered because of its common usage in automobile industries. Lead-acid battery, the oldest widely available rechargeable battery for commercial use, offers the best price to power ratio. The advantages are low cost, low self-discharge rate and high discharge rate (ability to supply high surge current). These features make the lead-acid battery suitable for use in power generation and automobiles (or electric vehicles).