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Electrospun Bio Nanofibers for Energy Storage Applications
Published in K.M. Praveen, Rony Thomas Murickan, Jobin Joy, Hanna J. Maria, Jozef T. Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas, Electrospun Nanofibers from Bioresources for High-Performance Applications, 2023
An energy storage unit is generally composed of three functional parts: electrodes, liquid electrolyte, and separator. The mechanism of the energy storage device is as follows. The ions travelling from one electrode to the other will pass through the separator during charging and discharging, thus generating energy and power. Recent studies reveals that energy storage devices such as rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors have gained significant attention. Rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion batteries have high energy density. Supercapacitors offer high power density, stability and cyclability. The role of the different functional parts is as follows. 1) Liquid electrolytes are generally associated with ionic conductivity and thermal and electrochemical stability. 2) Separators are concerned with the ionic resistivity and the safety of the entire unit. 3) Electrodes relate to the safety and electrochemical performance [9-13].
Introduction to Flexible Batteries
Published in Ye Zhang, Lie Wang, Yang Zhao, Huisheng Peng, Flexible Batteries, 2022
Ye Zhang, Lie Wang, Yang Zhao, Huisheng Peng
where i is the constant current applied, t is the charge/discharge time, and m (V) is the mass (volume) of the active materials. Rate capability refers to capacity retention (%) with increasing charge/discharge rates, which relies on both the conductivity of fundamental components and reaction kinetics. Temperature characteristics indicate the reliability of batteries under abnormal working temperatures, including temperatures above and below the normal temperature range. Energy density is the amount of energy stored gravimetrically or volumetrically, in Wh·kg−1 or Wh·L−1, while power density is the amount of energy released per unit time, in W·kg−1 or W·L−1. The energy density can be calculated based on the following equation: Egravimetric=∫i×UdtmEvolumetric=∫i×UdtV
2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMD)-Based Nanomaterials for Lithium/Sodium-ion Batteries
Published in Ram K. Gupta, 2D Nanomaterials, 2022
Tian Wang, Ashok Kumar Kakarla, Jae Su Yu
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been more interested in energy storage systems as the power source for portable electronic devices since their first commercialization by Sony in 1991. LIBs been also considered as the most promising energy storage system for large-scale applications. The energy density of LIBs is also steadily increasing at a rate of 7–8 Wh kg−1 year−1. Up to now, the state-of-the-art LIBs have reached an energy density of 250 Wh kg−1 at the battery level (for 18,650 type cells). Meanwhile, the energy densities of 235 Wh kg−1 and 500 Wh L−1 at the battery pack level demanded by the market are also increasing [7,8]. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have captured widespread attention because of their abundant resources, low cost, and similar electrochemistry to LIBs [9,10]. Figure 20.1a displays the components of a rechargeable LIB/SIB. During the discharge process, Li/Na ions de-intercalate from the anode after crossing the separator and intercalate into the cathode material. The charge process is reversed. There are many achievements for LIBs that can be easily applied for SIBs, which makes the rapid development of SIBs within only a few years. However, the low energy density and limited cycle life of electrode materials are of great challenge for the commercialization of SIBs [11]. Therefore, researchers are looking for more suitable electrochemically active materials to develop higher energy density and power density batteries.
An intelligent digital twin model for the battery management systems of electric vehicles
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Heng Li, Muaaz Bin Kaleem, I-Ju Chiu, Dianzhu Gao, Jun Peng, Zhiwu Huang
EVs rely on batteries for their power supply. The most common type of battery used in EVs is the Li-ion battery. Li-ion batteries have a high energy density, high energy efficiency, and long life span. Li-ion batteries also provide a high weight-to-power ratio (Elefsiniotis et al. 2014), the weight-to-power ratio refers to the amount of energy stored per unit of weight. A higher weight-to-power ratio means a higher energy density, making the battery lighter and more compact. With all the advantages, Li-ion batteries have some disadvantages as well like over-current, over-voltage, over-charging/discharging, and sensitivity to high temperatures which ultimately result in battery degradation and lead to loss of energy and capacity, and in some cases can also cause thermal runaway (Wang et al. 2012).
A Review on Green Method of Extraction and Recovery of Energy Critical Element Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2023
Archita Mohanty, Niharbala Devi
Cobalt is regarded as a critical metal due to the lack of low-abundant resources and the risk of supply in the medium and long term and is an important metal in lithium-ion batteries. Concerning the rising use of electric vehicles (EVs), the global chase for these valuable minerals is escalating. As there is a nearly sixfold hike in the global stock of EVs, from 1.4 billion in 2015 to 7.9 billion EVs in 2019, according to ZSW 2020, it is estimated that it may rise as much as 52-fold by the end of 2030. As a result, the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) to power those vehicles expands (Mansur, Guimarães and Petraniková 2021). Currently, lithium-ion (Li-ion) technology is the highest performing battery-based energy storage technology. It is commonly used to provide energy in cell phones, tablets, video cameras, and other portable electronics as electrochemical power sources, and recently for electric vehicles (EVs), owing to its technical features like high energy density (100–265 W h/kg), small and lightweight, lifespan cycles (400–1200) (Meng et al. 2021). Apart from this, cobalt has several uses both in industry and in medicine. There is also a steady increase in demand for cobalt supply due to its potential usage in super-alloys (20%), catalysts (11%), colors/pigments (20%), carbides/diamond tooling hard materials (10.5%), chemical applications, especially lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (25%) (Swain et al. 2008). Various compounds of cobalt and their applications are presented in Table 1.
Critical minerals for green energy transition: A United States perspective
Published in International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 2022
David R. Hammond, Thomas F. Brady
Wind and solar energy also have the fundamental drawback of low energy density compared to conventional coal, gas, and especially nuclear sources. Consequently, renewable energy systems require many more times the amount of critical minerals needed for construction on a per unit of output capacity basis. Figure 1 provides comparisons of the material inputs required by generation type [22]. As shown, a typical EV will require approximately six times the mineral inputs of an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. Per this analysis by the International Energy Agency (IEA), EVs require over 200 kg of minerals including two times the amount of copper as well the many significant minerals required in battery manufacture. From a power generation perspective, an onshore wind plant requires nine times the required materials compared to a typical natural gas-fired plant (even more for an offshore wind facility).