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Electric vehicles and smart grid interactions
Published in Rajkumar Viral, Anuradha Tomar, Divya Asija, U. Mohan Rao, Adil Sarwar, Smart Grids for Renewable Energy Systems, Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage Systems, 2023
The research scope in EVs is vast. The major concern is how the driving range of EV can be increased. This objective is achieved by development and improvement in the battery technology and its charging system. In order to save space in EVs, research has been carried out to increase the energy and power density of the components (power electronics devices, batteries, electric motors) so that their size, weight and volume can be reduced. Some researchers have proposed the integrated solution to perform various operations through same drive line. The charging and propulsion operation of EV are not simultaneous processes. Therefore, te operation of the on-board charger is integrated with a bidirectional DC-DC converter in order to reduce the number of components in the EV [26, 27]. Similarly, traction inverter with traction motor stators windings are (as grid interface filter) used as fast bidirectional charger [28]. The advanced bidirectional on-board charger of EV supports V2G functionality [29].
Hybrid Energy Storage
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Power, 2021
Power density is defined as the rated output power divided by volume (W/L) or mass (W/kg) of the energy storage element. Similarly, energy density is the stored energy divided by the volume (Wh/L) or mass (Wh/kg). Generally speaking, power density is related to the amount of instantaneous power that an ESS element can provide; on the other hand, energy density is related to the time duration that the energy storage element can last while supplying a certain amount of power.
Introductory Topics
Published in Riadh W. Y. Habash, Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation, 2018
This section deals with the flow of power carried by electromagnetic waves. Power is the rate at which energy is consumed or produced. It is the product of voltage and current. Power is measured in watts (W). One watt is equal to one joule per second (J/s). However, power density, also called the power flux density, is a distribution of power over certain area. Power density is expressed in units of power per area, such as watts per square meter (W/m2).
A design optimisation tool to minimise volume and failure rate of the modular multilevel converter and the thyristor-controlled rectifier
Published in Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 2023
Tanvir Ahmed Toshon, M. O. Faruque
The continual advancement in the regions of All-Electric ships, electric and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and compact electronics has led to a greater inclination for power electronic converter design that is not only robust and reliable but also accomplishes lower volumes (Miller 2003; Jayabalan et al. 2004). All-electric ships will need converters as high as 30 MW for power generation modules (PGM). For power conversion modules (PCM) and load distribution centres, the rating of converters can be from several kW to MW. Thus, the accommodation of a large number of converters within the ship drives the need to space-efficient converters. Optimal component selection is one of the major factors to achieve a lower volume. This encompasses the selection of the switching devices (IGBTs, thyristor, etc.), the cooling system (cold plate or heatsink), and other passive components such as dc-link capacitors, line filters, fault current limiting inductors, etc. Minimising the dimensions of any of these components will minimise overall volume, hence will increase the power density.
Effect of filling ratio, number of loops, and transverse distance on the performance of pulsating heat pipe in a microchannel heat sink
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2023
M. Ahmadian-Elmi, M. R. Hajmohammadi, S. S Nourazar, K. Vafai, M. B. Shafii
Due to the necessity to improve performance in several pieces of equipment utilized in various sectors, such as space science and electronics, thermal management has become a hot topic nowadays [1–3]. Modern electronic components are being designed focusing on fast performance and compactness. However, this tendency results in high power density and operating temperatures, which weakens these systems’ efficiency and durability. Suppose heat is not removed from the system at a rate greater than or equal to its production rate. In that situation, device temperatures start to increase, which causes device breakdown and drastically lowers performance and reliability. Such high-flux devices cannot be effectively cooled using conventional cooling techniques. Therefore, engineers have shifted to new, more effective cooling techniques. Powerful and efficient cooling techniques include the utilization of microchannel heat sinks [4] and heat pipes [5].
Energy analysis of extractive-transesterification of algal lipids for biocrude production
Published in Biofuels, 2018
Edith Martinez-Guerra, Veera Gnaneswar Gude
Power density, similar to energy intensity, is the power applied per unit volume. Power or ultrasonic intensity is the amount of ultrasound effect applied on a given surface area of the reactor.[22–24] As noticed in Figure 4, the power density and ultrasonic intensity follow a similar trend; however, the ultrasound intensities are less than the power applied per volume. The ultrasonic intensity was calculated by measuring the diameter of the reactor used for the extractive-transesterification process, and then the different power percentages were divided by the area. Since ultrasound requires more power input compared microwaves, the biocrude yields were lower at low ultrasound power density or intensity. However, as highlighted on the plot, higher power density or power intensity are neither favorable to enhance the biocrude yields (less than 90%). The highest biocrude yield of 95% was obtained at a power intensity of 24.2 W/cm2 and a power density of 9.4 W/mL. An optimum range can be noticed on the encircled area (right circle) where several process points lie within, the power density ranges from 4–12 W/mL (10–24 W/cm2 power intensity) where the biocrude yields are higher than 90% which is a reasonable yield.