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Shape Extrusion—Extruded Implantable Drug Delivery DevicesMaterials, Applications, and Processing
Published in Isaac Ghebre-Sellassie, Charles Martin, Feng Zhang, James DiNunzio, Pharmaceutical Extrusion Technology, 2018
Implantable and drug delivery tubes can be made from a wide range of biocompatible polymers to meet specific application requirements. Single lumen tubing, made of only one material are most common for implants. An example of a tube extruded from a drug loaded EVA formulation and then converted into a ureteral stent is shown in Figure 11.3. The polymer formulation comprises 13% ketorolac in an EVA polymer matrix. Ureteral stents are used to maintain urinary flow to the bladder after uretoscopy. The procedure is quite painful and the idea is to incorporate ketorolac as a pain medication to be delivered locally.
Cross-Linked Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
Kaur et al. loaded tramadol HCl, an antidepressant drug, onto chitosan nanoparticles prepared by an ionic gelation method followed by the loading of the NPs onto in situ gels prepared from Pluronic and HPMC. In vivo studies showed a significant increase in locomotor activity, and increased glutathione and catalase levels and decreased lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels were found after intranasal administration of the formulation, revealing its potential for the treatment of depression [72]. Singh et al. developed in situ gels to increase the solubility of loratadine, an anti-allergic drug. The formulations were composed of β-cyclodextrin prepared by the cold method. The optimized formulation had a gelling temperature of 29°C, mucoadhesive strength of 7676.0 dyn/cm2, and cumulative drug permeation of 98% over a period of 6 h. Histological examination revealed the absence of any significant damage to the nasal tissue [73]. Perez et al. incorporated 32P-siRNA dendriplexes into in situ mucoadhesive gels prepared from Poloxamer (23% w/w), chitosan (1% w/w), or Carbopol (0.25% w/w). The gels retained 100% of radiolabel after 150 minutes. The gel released 35% of radiolabeled dendriplexes, and three intranasal doses of the dendriplexes in the gel did not damage the rat nasal mucosa. The administration of two intranasal doses of the formulation was required for high brain drug uptake, indicating brain delivery of the radiolabeled siRNA [74]. Salunke et al. developed a mucoadhesive in situ gel of salbutamol sulfate using gellan gum and HPMC for nasal administration. The mucoadhesive force was influenced by the concentration of HPMC, and the drug release was 97% in 11 h. There was no significant damage to the sheep nasal mucosa used [75]. Li et al. loaded ketorolac tromethamine, a potent drug for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, onto thermo- and ion-sensitive in situ hydrogels prepared from Poloxamer 407 and deacetylated gellan gum. The formulation exhibited sustained drug release, good intranasal absorption, and insignificant nasal ciliotoxicity [76]. Cho et al. loaded fexofenadine hydrochloride onto in situ gels prepared from Poloxamer 407, β-cyclodextrin, and chitosan. In vitro permeation studies in primary human nasal epithelial cell monolayers showed that an increase in chitosan content (0.1% and 0.3%, w/v) enhanced drug permeation. The addition of chitosan slightly influenced the gelation temperature and viscosity of the formulations. The plasma concentrations of the drug were significantly higher when compared with the nasal solutions. The bioavailability of the optimized thermoreversible gel containing 0.3% chitosan was 18-fold higher than that of the nasal solution, indicating the efficacy of thermosensitive gels [77].
Preparation and characterization of ketorolac tromethamine-loaded ethyl cellulose micro-/nanospheres using different techniques
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2018
Pankaj Wagh, Arun Mujumdar, Jitendra B. Naik
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for the treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders such as dysplasia of the hip, chronic arthritis, and spondylitis. Most common side effects arise due to use of NSAIDs are ulcer and gastrointestinal tract irritation (Jelen et al. 2008; Deshmukh and Naik 2014). Ketorolac tromethamine (KTC) is a potent analgesic, and anti-inflammatory drug. Based on animal studies, it appears that KTC has relatively more pronounced analgesic activity than the other NSAIDs (Martindale 2005). Polymers are playing very important role in pharmaceutical areas, such as tissue engineering and drug delivery. Formulation of these polymers into suitable solid dosage forms plays significant role in safety, stability, and efficiency of the products. Ethyl cellulose (EC) is commonly used as a drug carrier in controlled drug delivery system (Montes et al. 2012). Ethyl cellulose is a hydrophobic polymer commonly used for the preparation of controlled release dosage form due to its wide range of practically applicable properties, such as low toxicity, good film forming ability, and relatively low cost (Song et al. 2005; Arias et al. 2007; Deshmukh and Naik 2014). The design of pharmaceutical preparations in nanoparticulate form is a new approach for oral drug delivery. Particle size and particle size distribution are critical constraints that regulate the rate of dissolution of the drug in the biological fluids (Tenorio et al. 2010).
Surface modification of ureteral stents: development history, classification, function, and future developments
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Kaiguo Xia, Xudong Shen, Xiaojie Ang, Bingbing Hou, Yang Chen, Kaiping Zhang, Zongyao Hao
Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. Krambeck AE et al. conducted a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial involving 276 patients, and the results of the study suggested that ketorolac drug-eluting stents can reduce the use of pain medication, especially for young men [77].