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Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Intravenous therapy (IV therapy) is the infusion of liquid substances directly into a vein. The word intravenous simply means “within vein.” Therapies administered intravenously are often called specialty pharmaceuticals. Intravenous therapy may be used to correct electrolyte imbalances, to deliver medications, for blood transfusion or as fluid replacement to correct, for example, dehydration.
Pills
Published in Jeffrey T. Solate, Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2020
Description: Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of liquid substances directly into a vein. The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. Some medications, as well as blood transfusions and lethal injections, can only be given intravenously.
Systems Biology
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang
Having established the essential aspects of calculus, we should now consider an example that calculus can be used to analyze and understand a real biomedical application. Intravenous (IV) drug delivery is perhaps one of the most common approaches in delivering medications to a hospitalized patient, by which medicine is directly and continuously administered into the circulation system. There are several methods to access the circulation system. The easiest and most common way is with the peripheral intravenous (PIV) line, in which a hypodermic needle is passed through the skin directly into the vein in either the back of the hand or the median cubital vein at the elbow. The other end is usually connected to an IV bag hung on a pole through a line with a drip control, which then relies on gravity to deliver the medication. Sometimes, the line is connected to an infusion pump for programmable control of dosage over time. Suppose the total volume of blood in the patient is VC, which can be assumed to be constant over time. The drug is introduced at a constant rate starting at time 0, RDu(t), where RD is a constant and u(t)={0fort<01fort≥0 is the unit function described previously. The drug is constantly being removed by the liver at a rate proportional to its concentration [D], with KL as the constant of proportionality. Therefore, the rate of change in [D] is given by the following first-order ordinary differential equation: d[D](t)dt=−KL[D](t)︸Liver+RDVCu(t)︸IVDrip
Formulation of roselle extract water-in-oil nanoemulsion for controlled pulmonary delivery
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Adil Omer Baba Shekh, Roswanira Abdul Wahab, Nur Azzanizawaty Yahya
Globally, cases and deaths from lung cancer are on the rise. In 2018 alone, GLOBOCAN recorded 2.09 million new cases and 1.76 million deaths, more than those reported in 2012. Lung cancer is the most persistent form of cancer that kills both males and females,[1] with a growing number of cases in the next 15 years.[2,3] While lung cancer is linked to tobacco smoking, it also affects nonsmokers. In Malaysia, only 15% of lung cancer patients survived more than five years after diagnosis,[4] as current therapies, viz. surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy, are not adequately effective.[5] Systemic delivery of high concentrations of chemotherapeutic drugs as only a small quantity targets the lung's tumor sites[6] as while most chemotherapy drugs attack the normal cells that further weaken the patient.[7] Most chemotherapeutics are delivered orally and through intravenous administration, which requires higher doses, and oral administration is limited because of first-pass metabolism. These chemotherapeutics also adversely act on normal tissues due to their non-targeting nature.[8]
Rosemary oil low energy nanoemulsion: optimization, µrheology, in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo characterization
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Nupur Vasdev, Mayank Handa, Prashant Kesharwani, Rahul Shukla
Nanoemulsions are colloidal carriers with better outcomes in the field of nanomedicine. Recently, nanoemulsions are explored via various routes by researchers across the globe. Nanoemulsions are preferably studied for both invasive and non-invasive route of administration like intranasal, intravenous, peroral, and others. Nanoemulsion tends to form nanodroplets with a high surface and fits best for nose-to-brain delivery. Various preclinical studies pertaining to nanoemulsion administration via intranasal route provide promising outcomes. The mechanism behind transportation of nanoemulsion is transcytosis/endocytosis via brain endothelial cells. Moreover, the presence of surfactant in nanoemulsion imparts the fluidizing effect on endothelial cell membranes and enhances drug permeability via the trigeminal and olfactory pathways [4].
Baska mask versus endotracheal tube in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery: a prospective randomized trial
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Ching Choe Ng, Mohammad Hafizshah Bin Sybil Shah, Sook Hui Chaw, Marzida Binti Mansor, Wei Keang Tan, Jun Kit Koong, Chew Yin Wang
Anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane at a MAC of 1.0–1.2 in an oxygen/air mixture. The tidal volume was set at 8 mL/kg, and the respiratory rate was adjusted to maintain end-tidal CO2 at 35–45 mmHg. During the surgery, intravenous rocuronium (10-mg bolus) was administered intermittently every 30 min or whenever spontaneous breathing was detected. Intravenous paracetamol (15 mg/kg) and intermittent intravenous fentanyl (0.5-mcg/kg bolus) were used to provide analgesia. All the patients received intravenous ranitidine (50 mg) and dexamethasone (0.10 mg/kg) after induction, as well as intravenous ondansetron (0.10 mg/kg) before the reversal of anaesthesia.