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Antiviral Nanomaterials as Potential Targets for Malaria Prevention and Treatment
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Kantrol Kumar Sahu, Sunita Minz, Madhulika Pradhan, Monika Kaurav, Krishna Yadav
After the application of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the management of COVID-19, the repurposing of drugs is now emerging and pre-established drugs are been investigated for their other pharmacological utility. Compared to other infections, malaria is the most suffering cause of death in a large amount of populace. Around 228 million people on the globe suffer from malaria. It is the deadliest of viruses and uses human-cellular machinery for its growth, leaving an unhealthy human body behind. Numerous drugs have been used in the management of malaria, including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, doxycycline, quinine, atovaquone, and so forth. The inefficacy of vaccines and the limited option of therapeutics for the anticipation and management of malaria has forced the researchers to focus on other alternatives. Among existing classes of therapeutics, antiretroviral has proven to be a significant and potential candidate for their repurposing as an antimalarial. Despite the effectiveness of these drugs, limited drug choice, unpredictable and undesired side effects, and unconventional physico-chemical attributes limit their use, which could be compensated by the application of nanomaterial. The investigations included in this chapter have indicated the potential of antiviral drugs as antimalarial and their various aspects nanomaterials.
AI and Immunology Considerations in Pandemics and SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
A small sample survey showed that hydroxychloroquine (a biologic) treatment is associated with viral load reduction in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin (an antibiotic). Unfortunately, this therapeutic approach gained support and was heavily politicized in the United States during the early stages of the pandemic with only anecdotal evidence and no scientific or clinical validating evidence. Subsequently, a study reported in the New England Journal of Medicine (and others afterwards) concluded that results do not support the use of hydroxychloroquine at present, outside randomized clinical trials testing its efficacy.55 Further work may (or may not) be warranted to determine if these compounds could be useful as chemoprophylaxis to prevent the transmission of the virus without significant adverse effects.56
The Efficacy of AI and Big Data in Combating COVID-19
Published in Debabrata Samanta, SK Hafizul Islam, Naveen Chilamkurti, Mohammad Hammoudeh, Data Analytics, Computational Statistics, and Operations Research for Engineers, 2022
Muralidhar Kurni, K Saritha, Mujeeb Shaik Mohammed
Drug repurposing: The drug discovery process is not only time-consuming and risky but also very costly. In this respect, AI is used to repurpose medications to treat COVID-19. For example, hydroxychloroquine (used for the treatment of malaria) and Remdesivir (Ebola Drug) against COVID-19 were assessed by the Indo-German organization Innoplexus. Last year, Delhi’s Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology created an AI model for the repurposing of drugs. First, the AI model calculates the similarity between the drug’s chemical structure and the virus genomic structure. Then, it checks and picks the drug that has successfully treated viruses with a COVID-19 genomics framework, using the historical efficacy of the drug.
Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Medical Ozone Therapy on Covid-19: A Review Study
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2023
The use of chloroquine and its derivatives as a part of COVID-19 therapy regimens has been debated extensively in numerous studies. The WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium (White et al. 2020) declared, hydroxychloroquine was found to provide no additional benefit in COVID-19 treatment in terms of mortality rate. However, maybe because of a lack of knowledge at the time and in an effort to get the best possible clinical outcomes, several studies used this compound along with ozone (Tascini et al. 2021; Fernández-Cuadros et al. 2020; Araimo et al. 2021; Franzini et al. 2020; Schwartz et al. 2020; Hernández et al. 2021). According to the findings of Zheng et al. (2020), ozone treatment can help patients to recover their clinical condition and repair their chest CT imaging, and reduce viral shedding and hospitalization. It can be concluded that ozone therapy is used as an adjuvant to conventional treatment in order to increase the efficacy of antivirals. It can improve clinical status and lower viral load more quickly than the antiviral treatment alone, leading to faster recovery. This rapid recovery is achieved by the destruction and instability of the phospholipid components of viral envelope by using the antivirals with ozone.
Antibacterial agents applied as antivirals in textile-based PPE: a narrative review
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Zulfiqar Ali Raza, Muhammad Taqi, Muhammad Rizwan Tariq
The COVID-19 outbreak has infected so above 0.109 billion people on the globe and caused worth 2,415,606 causalities as of February 15, 2021. In Pakistan, the total number of registered cases was 564,077 with 12,333 demises as of February 15, 2021 (Worldometer, 2021). The cases continued to be rising despite acquiring different lockdown strategies (Ilyas et al., 2020). The situation demanded the right steps be taken such as staying at home, physical distancing, obeying a true lockdown, hand washing and sanitizing, and face masking, and using other PPE, where applicable (Waris et al., 2020). Despite limited resources, Pakistan has taken meticulous steps such as designating COVID-19 hospitals and wards and establishing frequent testing, quarantining facilities, awareness campaigns, telemedicine departments, and other services to contain the virus. Currently, the illness is managed based on real-time symptoms, avoiding complications and spread, maintaining vital signs, and tracking any underlying illness (Hou et al., 2020). The commonly available antiviral drugs and neuraminidase inhibitors turned out to be broadly ineffective against the COVID-19 (Li et al., 2020). However, some specific drugs including remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir, convalescent plasma therapy, and monoclonal antibodies could do the required job to a limited extent. Some studies reported that an antimalarial drug of hydroxychloroquine could be found effective against the COVID-19 infection in some clinical trials (Ye et al., 2020); however, it is still under investigation. Up to now, neither a specific drug nor an effective vaccine has been proved widely effective against COVID-19 infection. Accordingly, it could be inferred that in the current scenario, the best way to contain the virus is to control its speared firstly through limiting movements and secondly through preventive measures.