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Materials
Published in Ansel C. Ugural, Youngjin Chung, Errol A. Ugural, Mechanical Engineering Design, 2020
Ansel C. Ugural, Youngjin Chung, Errol A. Ugural
The ASTM numbering system for steels is based on the ultimate strength. The most-used specifications are ASTM-A27 mild- to medium-strength carbon-steel castings for general application and A148 high-strength steel castings for structural purposes. Table B.1 and Table 14.2 include average properties of a few ASTM steels. Samples of the minimum yield strengths Sy and ultimate strengths Su for certain ASTM steels are shown in Table 2.4 [9], where Q and T denote quenched and tempered (Q&T), respectively. Note that the ASTM-A36 is the all-purpose carbon grade steel extensively used in building and bridge construction, ASTM-A572 is a high-strength low alloy steel, A588 represents atmospheric corrosion-resistant high-strength low alloy steel, and A514 is an alloy Q&T steel. For complete information on each steel, reference should be made to the appropriate ASTM specification.
Steel-Concrete Composite I-Girder Bridges
Published in Wai-Fah Chen, Lian Duan, Bridge Engineering Handbook, 2019
Lian Duan, Yusuf Saleh, S. Altman
Four types of structural steels (structural carbon steel, high-strength low-alloy steel, heat-treated low-alloy steel, and high-strength heat-treated alloy steel) are commonly used for bridge structures. Designs are based on minimum properties such as those shown in Table 12.1. ASTM material property standards differ from AASHTO in notch toughness and weldability requirements. Steel meeting the AASHTO-M requirements is prequalified for use in welded bridges.
ASCE 24-14 for Flood Loads
Published in Syed Mehdi Ashraf, Structural Building Design: Wind and Flood Loads, 2018
Specification covers steel sheet, zinc-coated (galvanized) or zinc-iron alloy-coated (galvannealed) by the hot-dip process in coils and cut lengths. The material is available in several designations as follows: commercial steel, forming steel, deep drawing steel, extra deep drawing steel, structural steel, high strength low alloy steel, high strength low alloy steel with improved formability, solution hardened steel and bake hardenable steel. Yield strength, elongation and bending properties of the steel shall be determined. A bend test shall be done to the coated sheets.
Cyclic Deformation Capacity of Structural Steels for Earthquake-Resistant Steel Buildings
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Satoshi Yamada, Thaileang Touch, Yu Jiao, Shoichi Kishiki
SS400 is a hot-rolled carbon steel used in common structures. It is comparable to ASTM A36. SM490A is a hot-rolled high-strength low-alloy steel used for welded structures. It is comparable to high-strength low-alloy steel ASTM A572 grade 50. High-strength low-alloy steel SA440C is a heat-treated steel developed with sufficient ductility and weldability. It is especially used for tall buildings in Japan. Moreover, it is comparable to high-strength low-alloy steel ASTM A709 grade 65. Although the structural steels SS400, SM490A, and SA440C have different strength levels, their chemical compositions are not so different. Table 1 lists the chemical compositions and mechanical properties of these steels. These qualities were obtained from mill certificates, monotonic tensile tests, and steel specifications (JIS G 3106 2010; JIS G 3106 2015; JISF 2004). The monotonic stress – strain relationships are shown in Fig. 1. The solid circles indicate the points of uniform elongations. The yield strength of SA440C is the stress when the residual strain is equal to 0.2% following unloading.
Experimental study on application of gas metal arc welding based regulated metal deposition technique for low alloy steel
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2022
Din Bandhu, Jay J. Vora, Subhash Das, Ashish Thakur, Soni Kumari, Kumar Abhishek, M. Nagaphani Sastry
These results are in agreement with the earlier findings. Liu et al.[100] studied the effects of PWHT on 12Cr1MoV steel pipes and found the YS and UTS of the welded joints as 427 MPa and 574 MPa, respectively. The fracture was observed in the base metals due to their lower strength. Jorge et al.[80] welded high strength low alloy steel plates using the shield metal arc welding (SMAW) process and evaluated their mechanical properties. The authors found the YS and UTS of the welded materials as 415 MPa and 502 MPa, respectively. The study further reports about the formation of cup and cone phenomenon during tensile testing and observes the rupture in base metal, articulating the ductile behavior of the welded material. A study done by Ahmed et al.[77] on Cr-Mo boiler steel reveals the occurrence of failure in base metals during tensile testing. The YS of the welded specimens ranges from 314.38 MPa to 377.14 MPa and UTS ranges from 538.27 MPa to 580.75 MPa.
Wear and friction characteristics of atmospheric plasma sprayed Cr3C2–NiCr coatings
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2020
The substrate material selected in the current study was a hot forming die steel namely AISI H11 (H11) steel. The selected tool steel is frequently used in the hot press forming industry due to its excellent toughness and deep hardening characteristics. The H11 steel with chemical composition given in Table 1 was procured and machined to form cylindrical specimens (pin material) having dimensions 8 mm diameter and 50 mm length. The counter material (disc material) selected in the study was 20MnCr5 steel, the chemical composition is shown in Table 1. The selected steel is high-strength low-alloy steel, used for preparing pinions by hot press forging industry. The material was machined to form round discs as per the specification of pin-on-disc tribometer (100 mm diameter and 8 mm thickness). Further, in order to test the pin specimens on the tribometer, the discs must be harder. The discs were surface treated and plasma nitrided prior to experimentation to increase the hardness to 60–80 HRC.