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Ratcheting behaviour of austenitic and lean duplex stainless steel in fatigue tests
Published in Joan-Ramon Casas, Dan M. Frangopol, Jose Turmo, Bridge Safety, Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle, Resilience and Sustainability, 2022
E. Horisawa, K. Sugiura, Y. Kitane, Y. Goi
Stainless steel is alloy steel with excellent corrosion resistance due to its chromium content and is applied in various fields such as machinery products and chemical plants. In the civil engineering field, the use of stainless steel without coating for waterfront structures such as sluice gates is expected to increase the durability of the structures, reduce the labor required for maintenance, and lower the life cycle cost (Garder et al. 2007). Among stainless steel, Lean Duplex Stainless Steel (LDSS) is a new type of stainless steel and is characterized by its price stability due to the reduction of nickel, a rare element, to less than half of SUS304 (UNS S30400), a general-purpose austenitic stainless steel. In addition, LDSS has the same level of corrosion resistance as SUS304 and about twice the design strength of SUS304. Therefore, LDSS is expected to be applied to bridges where structural rationalization is required, and research on the material properties to describe stress-strain curves (Huang et al. 2018) and load carrying capacity of steel beams made of LDSS (Theofanous et al. 2010) was being conducted.
Steels
Published in M. Rashad Islam, Civil Engineering Materials, 2020
Alloy steel is a type of steel that contains certain other elements apart from iron and carbon. Alloy steel contains primarily silicon and manganese as the alloying elements, as well as some other minor elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, copper, tungsten, aluminum, cobalt, niobium, zirconium, etc., and some nonmetallic elements such as boron and nitrogen. The quantity of these metals in alloy steel is primarily dependent upon the use of such steel. Normally, alloy steel is made with the intention of having certain desired physical characteristics in the steel. Alloy steels are divided into low-alloy steels and high-alloy steels. When the percentage of added elements goes past 8% by weight, the steel is referred to as a high-alloy steel. In cases where added elements remain below 8% by weight of the steel, it is a low-alloy steel. Low-alloy steels are used more often than the high-alloy steel in the industry. In general, the addition of one or more of such elements to steel makes it harder and more durable. Such steel is also resistant to corrosion and tougher than typical steel. To alter the properties of steel, heat treatment must be conducted when elements are added to it.
Ferrous Alloys
Published in Zainul Huda, Metallurgy for Physicists and Engineers, 2020
An alloy steel is a type of steel to which one or more elements besides carbon have been intentionally added, for obtaining the desired mechanical properties. An alloy steel may contain up to 50 wt% of alloying elements. The main alloying elements used in alloy steels include: silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), boron (B), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), and niobium (Nb).
Thermal analysis of square pipes in a reactor vault
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2018
M. Anish, B. Kanimozhi, S. Ramachandran, J. Vanjinathan
Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines. It is joined using a sweat, roll grooved, compression, or crimped/pressed connection. Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process, cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings to go around corners or around obstacles. If heated and allowed to slowly cool in a process called annealing, rigid copper will become soft and can be bent/formed without cracking. Carbon steel is a metal alloy that is formed as a result of combining iron and carbon. Steel typically is considered to be carbon steel when the proportions of other trace elements in it do not exceed certain percentages (Armelin and Cherry 2004). The maximum percentages typically are 1.65% for manganese and 0.6% for copper and silicon. The copper percentage must be at least 0.4%. Steel that also contains higher or specified quantities of other elements, such as nickel, chromium, or vanadium, is called alloy steel.
Research on the wettability of localized pulse electrolytic machining mold steel (GCr12)
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Kun Tian, Wanfei Ren, Jinkai Xu, Xiaoqing Sun, Zheming Liu, Huadong Yu
Wettability is one of the most important characteristics of the material surface. Characterized by static contact angle, the main factors affecting wettability are the chemical composition and microstructure of the material surface. The surface wettability of materials changes mainly by modifying the surface with low surface energy solution[1] and surface micro-nano structure.[2] Nowadays, the wettability has been directly applied to production and daily life and therefore fabrication of the superhydrophobic surfaces and intelligently controllable wettability surfaces becomes a research hotspot at this stage, which is of great significance to several fields such as architecture, coating and biomedicine.[3] Specifically, a metal substrate with superhydrophobic surface not only provides an opportunity to effectively solve the problems of corrosion of metal materials[4,5] and icing in cold environments during the service process but also exhibits numerous properties including self-cleaning[6,7] and oil-water separation,[8,9] lubrication, and drag reduction,[10,11] anti-icing[12] and anti-fouling,[13] having extremely high values in applications and bright market prospects. As a basic alloy, steel has become the most widely used metal because of its low price, reliable mechanical properties, and other excellent properties in construction, manufacturing, and other industries.[14] With the rapid development of the iron and steel industry and die industry, the research on the surface characteristics of mold steel is becoming more and more important. Therefore, taking the industrial background of mold steel into account, it is of great significance to the fabrication of microstructure on the surface of mold steel for the industry.[15,16]