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Shaft Design
Published in Wei Tong, Mechanical Design and Manufacturing of Electric Motors, 2022
According to the content of carbon in steel, carbon steel can be categorized into three types: low-carbon, medium-carbon, and high-carbon steel. Low-carbon steel contains carbon up to 0.25%. Medium-carbon steel has carbon content ranging from 0.25% to 0.70%. High-carbon steel contains carbon in the range of 0.70%–1.50%. Most motor shafts are made of steel containing 0.2%–0.5% carbon. With a single-digit elongation, high-carbon steel is too brittle to be used as the shaft material.
Development of Green Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors
Published in Hatem M.A. Amin, Ahmed Galal, Corrosion Protection of Metals and Alloys Using Graphene and Biopolymer Based Nanocomposites, 2021
Victoriya Vorobyova, Olena Chygyrynets, Margarita Skiba
The atmospheric corrosion of metals is an electrochemical process, which is the sum of individual processes that take place when an electrolyte layer forms on the metal. This electrolyte can be either an extremely thin moisture film (just a few monolayers) or an aqueous film of hundreds of microns in thickness (when the metal is perceptibly wet). Aqueous precipitation (rain, fog, etc.) and humidity condensation due to temperature changes (dew) are the main promoters of metallic corrosion in the atmosphere. Atmospheric corrosion is the most prevalent type of corrosion for common metals because more structures are exposed to air than to any other environment. The costs and tonnage of metal scrap caused by atmospheric corrosion are far higher than any other form of corrosion. Losses due to atmospheric corrosion account for more than half of the total corrosion every year. Carbon steel is the most commonly used metallic material in open air structures and is adopted to fabricate a wide range of equipment and metallic structures because of its low cost and good mechanical strength. Thus, atmospheric corrosion definitely has a tremendous effect on the useful life and durability of structural materials of carbon steel equipment.
Stress and strain
Published in William Bolton, Engineering Science, 2020
With some materials, e.g. mild steel, there is a noticeable dip in the stress–strain graph at some stress beyond the elastic limit and the strain increases without any increase in load. The material is said to have yielded and the point at which this occurs is the yield point. For some materials, such as mild steel, there are two yield points termed the upper yield point and the lower yield point. A carbon steel typically might have a tensile strength of 600 MPa and a yield stress of 300 MPa.ExampleA material has a yield stress of 200 MPa. What tensile forces will be needed to cause yielding with a bar of the material with a cross- sectional area of 100 mm2?Since stress = force/area, then the yield force = yield stress × area = 200 × 106 × 100 × 10–6 = 20 000 N.ExampleCalculate the maximum tensile force a steel bar of cross-section 20 mm × 10 mm can withstand if the tensile strength of the material is 400 MPa.Tensile strength = maximum stress = maximum force/area and so the maximum force = tensile strength × area = 400 × 106 × 0.020 × 0.010 = 80 000 N = 80 kN.
Thermal analysis of square pipes in a reactor vault
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2018
M. Anish, B. Kanimozhi, S. Ramachandran, J. Vanjinathan
Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines. It is joined using a sweat, roll grooved, compression, or crimped/pressed connection. Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process, cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings to go around corners or around obstacles. If heated and allowed to slowly cool in a process called annealing, rigid copper will become soft and can be bent/formed without cracking. Carbon steel is a metal alloy that is formed as a result of combining iron and carbon. Steel typically is considered to be carbon steel when the proportions of other trace elements in it do not exceed certain percentages (Armelin and Cherry 2004). The maximum percentages typically are 1.65% for manganese and 0.6% for copper and silicon. The copper percentage must be at least 0.4%. Steel that also contains higher or specified quantities of other elements, such as nickel, chromium, or vanadium, is called alloy steel.
A comparative study of characterisation of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on carbon steel prepared from aluminate and silicate electrolytes
Published in Surface Engineering, 2018
Wenbin Yang, Qingbiao Li, Cancan Liu, Jun Liang, Zhenjun Peng, Baixing Liu
As is well known to us that carbon steel has been the most widely used metal due to its several superior properties, such as high strength, good workability, etc. Though the advantages of carbon steel are obvious, its main drawbacks of poor wear and corrosion resistance cannot be ignored, because they result in huge economic loss every year and limit the application of carbon steel in more adverse environment. In order to improve the wear and corrosion resistance, surface technologies have been used to prepare protective coatings on carbon steel, such as PVD [1], CVD [2], electroplating [3] and so on. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a relatively novel and promising surface technology [4–6]. It is an intricate combination of three electrical processes, including electrochemical process, plasma-chemical process and thermal diffusion process [7]. Importantly, PEO shows many obvious advantages, such as the PEO process is less aggressive to natural environment and the resulting oxide layer possesses a good comprehensive performance of high wear resistance, corrosion resistance and mechanical strength [8,9].
A novel approach on production of carbon steels using graphene via powder metallurgy
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2022
Yasin Akgul, Ahmet Nusrev Tanrıverdi, Mehmet Akif Erden
Carbon steels can be classified as low carbon steel (0.08–0.30% carbon), medium carbon steel (0.3–0.5% carbon) and high carbon steel (0.55–1.40 carbon) [30]. Thus, chemical compositions were determined to obtain steels belonging to these three groups. Samples were fabricated according to the chemical compositions given in Table 1. The fabrication procedure was started with the dry mixing of powders in the three-axis Turbula T2F device without the ball for 2 h. This dry mixing technique method was conducted due to its low cost and short processing time [31].