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Conversion of Natural Products from Renewable Resources in Pharmaceuticals by Cytochromes P450
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Giovanna Di Nardo, Gianfranco Gilardi
Monoterpenes are valuable compounds with interesting properties also from the pharmaceutical point of view. For example, geraniol (3,7-dimethylocta-trans-2,6-dien-1-ol) is an acyclic monoterpenic common constituent of several essential oils that exhibits various pharmacological properties (Cho et al., 2016; Liao et al., 2016). Geraniol derives from geranyl diphosphate (GPP), and the following 10-hydroxylation, that is performed by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, is the early and specific step in the iridoid secologanin biosynthesis (Fig. 17.10) (Collu et al., 2001). This was described as a major pathway bottleneck, due to poor activity of the P450. However, different cytochromes P450, such as the bacterial P450 BM3 and P450cam, were engineered and showed hydroxylation activity towards linear and cyclic terpenes (Bell et al., 2001; Watanabe et al., 2007; Seifert et al., 2009). Geraniol hydroxylation as a key reaction of the synthesis of iridoids and terpenoid indole alkaloids.
Terpenoids in Cancer Treatment
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Arghya Adhikary, Shaswati Das, Mousumi Bhattacharjee
Monoterpenoids: Monoterpenoids are formed from geranyl diphosphate. Many monoterpenes are non-nutritive dietary components found in the essential oils of citrus fruits, cherry, mint and herbs. Geraniol, an acyclic dietary monoterpene, represents the only monoterpene that has been studied in vitro against liver cancer cells such as HepG2 (Thoppil and Bishayee 2011). Geraniol has been shown to inhibit the growth of HepG2 human hepatic carcinoma cells by decreasing 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the major rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in mammals. Another monoterpenoid, d-Limonene is a major component of citrus peel oil and has been well investigated in regards to both breast and prostate cancer. It is well established as a chemopreventive and therapeutic agent against many tumour cells and has chemopreventive activity against rodent mammary cancer during the initiation phase as well as the progression phase. Cinnamomum monoterpenoid subamone has been found to be cytotoxic against the hormonal prostate cancer cell lines DU-145 and LNCaP. The monoterpenes stylosin and tschimgine, extracted from Ferula ovina, have potent cytotoxic activity against melanoma (Chinembiri et al., 2014).
Fragrance Finishing on Textile Substrate for Odour Control
Published in G. Thilagavathi, R. Rathinamoorthy, Odour in Textiles, 2022
Thillaipandian Hemamalini, Venkateshwarapuram Rengaswami Giri Dev
The fragrance encapsulated in the polymer matrix ranging from 10 nm to 1000 nm offers a higher advantage compared to microcapsules (3–800 µm) due to its higher surface area, which offers stronger adhesive force on the fabric. Smaller size of the capsules ensures uniform coating of products, thereby requiring a large amount of physical force in order to damage the covering, followed by the release of fragrance. Nanocapsules offer a slow release of fragrance compared to microcapsules, thereby increasing the durability of the textiles (Ahangaran, Navarchian, and Picchioni 2019). Zein, a natural hydrophobic polymer obtained from corn starch, was used for encapsulating the fragrance oil, such as pink fruity fragrance and white floral fragrance. The nanocapsules were then coated on cotton, polyester, and cotton/polyester blend (20/80) fabrics, along with fabric softener, by immersing at various concentrations of fragrance capsules and then dried using natural drying at room temperature. The pink fruity fragrance was composed of phenyl ethyl alcohol, terpineol, and geraniol as a major component of the fragrance agent, whereas white floral fragrance was composed of phenyl ethyl alcohol, benzoyl acetate, and citronellol as the main component. Zein polymer was dissolved in aqueous ethanol containing surfactant, to which fragrance oil was added, and the nanoparticles were dried and applied on the fabric to study the sustained release of fragrance from the textiles. It was reported that cotton fabric offered long-lasting fragrance release for 30 days compared to blend and polyester fabric. It was also concluded that the size of the pink fruity and white floral capsules was 219 nm and 301 nm, and the thermal stability of the fragrance increased upon encapsulation technique (Pithanthanakul et al. 2021).
Application of antimicrobial plates in food packaging as an alternative way for food waste minimisation
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Nawadon Petchwattana, Phisut Naknaen, Kamonchai Cha-Aim, Jakkid Sanetuntikul
Therefore, this research aims to apply two different microstructures, e.g. solid and porous, antimicrobial plates for the shelf-life extension of bread. These antimicrobial plates were fabricated to have the inside diameter around 15 mm which is easily inserted inside any food container. It is a practical use for retail and household stages food waste minimisation. A bio-PBS was applied as polymer matrix due to its low melting temperature suitable for the antimicrobial plate processing and its complete-biodegradability. Geraniol was applied as an antimicrobial agent due to its safety and efficiency. To produce the antimicrobial plate with the porous structures, sodium bicarbonate (SBC) was used as a foaming agent in PBS/geraniol blend. An investigation of the antimicrobial performance on the Bacillus cereus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) inhibition was observed together with some physical and thermal properties and the mass transfer estimation . Further investigations on the shelf-life extension performed on white bread slice stored with and without antimicrobial plate were also made.
New peripherally tetra-[trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol] substituted metallophthalocyanines: synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity studies on the oxidation of phenolic compounds
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018
Halit Kantekin, Ece Tuğba Saka, Beytullah Ertem, Miraç Nedim Mısır, Halise Yalazan, Gülbınar Sarkı
Geraniol (GE) is a kind of acyclic monoterpene alcohol and largely abundant in some essential oils such as lemon, ginger, orange, rose, and lavender. Since it has a pleasant fragrance, GE is substantially employed in a range of flavoring agents in many foods and beverages, cosmetics, perfumes [48,49], and cleansing materials [48]. Some papers revealed that GE demonstrates anti-tumor activity against various cancer cells [50], insecticidal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties [48,51], and remarkable antioxidant effect in various metabolic disorders [52–54].
Phytoremediation of sewage sludge by Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk. grown under soil amended with varying levels of sewage sludge
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Geetu Singh, Umesh Pankaj, P. V. Ajayakumar, Rajesh Kumar Verma
Aromatic crops such as Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa), Cymbopogon flexuosus (lemongrass), Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella), and Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) are high-value economic crops due to the production of essential oil in their inflorescence, leaves and root parts (Gupta et al. 2013). The aromatic plants are not consumed directly by humans or animals due to the production of aromatic essential oils (Gupta et al. 2013; Verma et al. 2014). Cymbopogon martinii is a perennial, aromatic grass of family Poaceae, is known to produce essential oil in its flowering shoot. The essential oil is rich in geraniol, which is used in the manufacturing of high-grade perfumes, cosmetics, flavors and pharmaceutical products (Rao 2001). Cultivation of aromatic grasses for decontamination of sewage sludge is economically three-way beneficial approach (Gupta et al. 2013; Gautam and Agrawal 2017). Contrary to food crops, studies have confirmed that heavy metals do not get accumulated into the essential oils, and, thus, the essential oil extracted from the aromatic plants grown in sewage sludge may be easily used for the development of different value-added products. Secondly, sewage sludge obtained after the process of phytoremediation is less toxic for application as agriculture fertilizer, an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Thirdly, this approach would also solve the problems associated with the disposal of a huge amount of unprocessed sewage sludge. In this study, the effectiveness of C. martinii for phytoremediation of sewage sludge amended soil was assessed by monitoring growth, metal ion uptake, physiological parameters viz photosynthetic pigments and proline contents and soil enzyme activities. This study will be helpful to understand the physiological changes concurrent with metal accumulation in an aromatic plant. The findings of this study pave a path for the development of cost-effective sustainable technology for phytoextraction of sewage sludge.