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Challenges in Developing Sustainable Fermentable Substrate for Bioethanol Production
Published in Ayerim Y. Hernández Almanza, Nagamani Balagurusamy, Héctor Ruiz Leza, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Bioethanol, 2023
The revival of alcohol-based fuel started in 1970s, when the supply of oil started being disrupted due to instability in the Middle East. The major oil companies of America began to market ethanol as a gasoline extender and octane booster (adapted from: www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/history.html). Gasohol is a mixture of 9 volumes of gasoline and only 1 volume of ethanol. The total ethanol production in the USA has increased from 0.175 billion gallons in 1980 to 15.8 billion gallons in 2017 (adapted from: www.afdc. energy.gov/data/). In 2015–2016, Brazil had produced 8 billion gallons of ethanol and sold gasoline with a blend of 18 to 27.5% ethanol [17]. Among the global players, the United States, Brazil, and European Union (EU) are the major producers of ethanol followed by China among the developing countries, see Figure 7.3.
Renewable energy
Published in Peter N. Nemetz, Unsustainable World, 2022
Over the past few decades, the United States has implemented several major policy initiatives to introduce alternative fuels into the domestic gasoline supply using a combination of tax subsidies and minimum production mandates (New York Times November 30, 2015). Foremost among these fuels is “gasohol,” a blend of gasoline and plant-based ethanol. Within the United States, four major normative rationales have been advanced for this policy: to reduce GHG emissions, to reduce dependence on foreign oil supplies (now somewhat moot in light of recent advances in oil extraction from nonconventional sources), to reduce air pollution in cities, and to provide additional income to the farm sector. In the United States the feedstock of choice has been corn, in Canada, wheat and, in Brazil, sugarcane. The production of ethanol is an energy-intensive process involving the distillation of fermented sugars to achieve a water-free alcohol suitable for blending with conventional gasoline. To grasp the chemical and economic significance of this process, it is necessary to understand the concept of net energy analysis.
Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Several microbes have been found to be helpful in solving the energy crisis. Some synthetic fuels produced by the activity of microbes include ethanol, methane, hydrogen, and hydrocarbons. Gasohol, a 9:1 blend of gasoline and ethanol, is a popular fuel in the United States. The most efficient microbes used for synthetic fuels are Zymomonas mobilis and Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Methane is produced by methanogenic bacteria and biogas. A mixture of CH4, CO2, H2, N2, and O2 is produced during fermentation of cattle dung by several bacteria, including methanogens.
A comparative study on the corrosion behaviour of welded and un-welded API 5L X70 steel in simulated fuel grade ethanol
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
O. O. Joseph, O. S. I. Fayomi, Olakunle O. Joseph, S. A. Afolalu, M. P. Mubaiyi, O. N. Olotu, J. O. Fashola
Alcohol fuels have been around for years, typically mixed with gasoline in a blend (also known as gasohol). E10 (10% ethanol to 90% gasoline) can be used in any internal combustion engine, and many oil companies already blend their fuels that way (Rangel et al., 2016). E10 reduces greenhouse gases by up to 3.9% (Basanta & Ajit, 2016). The use of these fuels in higher proportion requires modification to the fuel storage and delivery systems on cars and trucks. E85, a mixture of 85% ethanol to 15% gasoline, can be used in flex-fuel vehicles. Car enthusiasts have modified their vehicles to run on ethanol or methanol alone, with mixed results. This E85 can reduce the net emissions of greenhouse gases by as much as 37.1%, which is a significant amount. Ethanol, when used as a gasoline additive, serves both as an octane enhancer and oxygenate to promote complete combustion and reduce harmful emissions (Maldonado & Sridhar, 2007).
A detailed study of IC engines and a novel discussion with comprehensive view of alternative fuels used in petrol and diesel engines
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
I. Vinoth Kanna, M. Arulprakasajothi, Sherin Eliyas
Gasohol (E10) is a gas–ethanol mix with about 10% ethanol by volume. E85 is a mix of 85% ethanol and 15% gas. In Brazil, about portion of the vehicles utilise an ethanol-based fuel ‘liquor’, basically E93, delivered from sugar stick. In the United States, the essential wellspring of ethanol is as of now from starch feedstocks, for example, corn, and there are endeavours in progress to create ethanol from cellulosic feedstocks, for example, corn fibre, ranger service waste, poplar, and switch grass. The vitality thickness by volume of ethanol is generally high for an elective fuel, around 66% that of gas. The octane rating of ethanol of 111 RON permits utilisation of an expanded compression proportion. The cetane number of ethanol is low, at around 8, and it very well may be utilised in pressure start motors with diesel fuel pilot start. As shown in Table 3, the CO2 emissions from ethanol on an equivalent energy basis are about 99% that of gasoline. With a switch from RFG to E85, for a fleet of flexible fuelled vehicles, Cadle et al. (1997) report that the NOx emissions decreased by 29%, the nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) decreased by 10%, and the CO emissions increased by 8%. The corresponding FTP toxic emissions are shown in Table 10. There was a 71% reduction in 1,3-butadiene, and a 64% reduction in benzene. However, for E85 the acetaldehyde emissions were almost two orders of magnitude higher than those of RFG, leading to almost a fourfold increase in the toxic emission levels.
Ethanol production from cassava starch by protoplast fusants of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Galactomyces candidum
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Tolulope Modupe Adeleye, Sharafadeen Olateju Kareem, Mobolaji O. Bankole, Olusegun Atanda, Abideen I. Adeogun
In the chemical industry, ethanol has become the most widely used organic solvent [1]. It is equally an important product of the alcohol beverage industry and is one of the fastest growing fuel sources in the world [2]. The global interest in the use of ethanol as an alternative source of energy is increasing due to the inevitable depletion of global energy supply from sources such as fossil fuel, petroleum and coal [3–6]. In addition to the aforementioned, the global climate change, the increase in oil prices and the need for energy independence and security also invigorate this worldwide interest in ethanol as a biofuel [7]. Biofuels such as bio-ethanol offer more advantages than fossil fuels since they provide renewable and sustainable sources of energy [8]. Among the potential biofuels, commercial production of ethanol is already ongoing in many countries where it is used as an octane enhancer in combination with gasoline mixed in various ratios to produce gasohol.