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Bioenergy technologies
Published in John Twidell, Renewable Energy Resources, 2021
Ethanol, C2H5OH, is produced naturally by certain micro-organisms from sugars under acidic conditions, pH 4 to 5. This alcoholic fermentation process is used worldwide to produce alcoholic drinks and is a principal process in bread making. The most common micro-organism, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is poisoned by C2H5OH concentration greater than 10%, and so stronger concentrations up to 95% are produced by distilling and fractionating (Fig. 10.8). When distilled, the remaining constant boiling-point mixture is 95% ethanol, 5% water. Anhydrous ethanol is produced commercially with azeotropic removal of remaining water by ‘molecular sieves’ or co-distillation with solvents such as benzene. Only about 0.5% of the energy potential of the sugars is lost during fermentation, but significant amounts of process heat are required for the concentration and separation processes (see Table 10.4). This process heat may be provided from the combustion or gasification of otherwise waste biomass and from waste heat recovery.
Chronicles of Incidents and Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Chronicles of Incidents and Response, 2020
Hazmatology Point: Anhydrous ammonia is commonly used for cold storage plants in addition to its agricultural use as a fertilizer. Ammonia is toxic and without water. Anhydrous is a term that means without water. Ammonia is also corrosive to metals and skin. An additional hidden hazard is ammonia flammable under certain circumstances, particularly in confined spaces and inside of buildings. Fortunately, in this instance, the ammonia did not ignite. Anyone entering an atmosphere of ammonia requires Level A Chemical Protective Clothing. Ammonia, because it is without water, seeks it out from the environment. It looks for moisture from the skin, eyes, and lungs. SCBA will protect the eyes and lung but not the skin.
Standard of Care and Hazmat Planning
Published in Robert A. Burke, Standard of Care and Hazmat Planning, 2020
Had this incident happened at any other time of the year, it would have likely been much worse. In warmer weather, people would have had less clothing on, windows might have been opened in the dwellings more people may have gone outside to see what happened. Liquid ammonia has a boiling point of −40°F below zero. Anhydrous means without water. Ammonia seeks water when released into the environment. However, at 4°F, there wasn’t much water in the area of the derailment that was not frozen. It is unlikely that people exposed to the ammonia were sweating if they had been ammonia could have reacted with the moisture on the skin causing serious burns. Even though the air temperature and items in the environment were above the boiling point of ammonia, warmer temperatures would have caused even more gas to be formed quicker by the spilled liquid ammonia. Not everyone who went outside died, however no one who sheltered in place died. The snow on the ground may have someway created a barrier to the exposed skin and airways of those who survived.
Haematological and histological changes in fish Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to pesticides from industrial waste water
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Pradip Kumar Maurya, D. S. Malik, Krishna Kumar Yadav, Neha Gupta, Sandeep Kumar
The 5.0 ± 0.05 g of the freeze-dried sediment sample (200 BSS mesh size) was Soxhlet-extracted with 50 mL of hexane for 6 h. collected and di-moisturized the extracts. Drying de-moisturizing prepared anhydrous sodium sulfate (granular) filter column by putting about 10 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) in a glass column with glass-wool pad (per-washed with acetone and hexane) in the bottom to retain sodium sulfate. Passed the extract quickly through the column and washed the column 2–3 times with 3–4 mL of hexane, collect the filtered, and dried extracts to a concentrated volume of 1 mL with hexane (Maurya and Malik 2016a).