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Natural Gas Hydrate
Published in Mavis Sika Okyere, Mitigation of Gas Pipeline Integrity Problems, 2020
The conditions at which hydrate formation is most likely to occur correspond to high pressure and low temperature. For pipeline systems the lowest temperature normally occurs during shut down; hence this situation must always be considered. Free water must be present within the pipeline or processing system.
Internal Corrosion Protection
Published in Mavis Sika Okyere, Corrosion Protection for the Oil and Gas Industry, 2019
The conditions at which hydrate formation is most likely to occur correspond to high pressure and low temperature. For pipeline systems, the lowest temperature normally occurs during shutdown, so this situation must always be considered. Free water must be present within the pipeline or processing system. Further conditions that are known to promote hydrate formation are: High velocitiesPressure pulsationsAgitation
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Published in Raj Deo Tewari, Abhijit Y. Dandekar, Jaime Moreno Ortiz, Petroleum Fluid Phase Behavior, 2019
Raj Deo Tewari, Abhijit Y. Dandekar, Jaime Moreno Ortiz
Hydrates are crystalline solids that form between water and hydrate formers. Hydrate formers in oil and gas fields include methane, ethane, propane, iso-butane, n-butane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. N-Butane by itself cannot form a hydrate with water but it can enter a hydrate cage when methane is present. Once hydrates start forming, the particles can agglomerate to larger sizes. Hydrate can cause serious flow assurance problems to wells, pipelines, and facilities which could lead to a partial loss or complete interruption of gas and oil production24.
Study on formation characteristics of carbon dioxide hydrate in modified carbon microtube system
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Xiaofang Lv, Feng Chen, Shangbin Liang, Shu Jing, Yang Liu, Qianli Ma, Chuanshuo Wang, Haifeng Zhang, Shidong Zhou
Hydrate is a cage-shaped, non-stoichiometric crystal, similar to ice and snow, which is formed by small molecule gas and water molecules under certain pressure and temperature conditions.[7] At present, there were three kinds of hydrate crystal structures, I, II, and H.[8] The carbon dioxide hydrate mainly existed in structure I. In carbon dioxide hydrate, water molecules formed an envelope skeleton under the action of hydrogen bonding and were the host molecules. Carbon dioxide molecules were randomly filled in the cage shaped holes and became guest molecules. The host guest molecules formed a stable structure under the action of van der Waals force.[6] CO2 hydrate had the advantages of good stability, high mechanical strength, low thermal conductivity and large gas storage capacity.[9] Under standard conditions, 1 m3 of hydrate could contain 160–180 m3 of carbon dioxide gas.[10] However, the problem of low formation rate during the growth of carbon dioxide hydrate had seriously hindered the industrial application of carbon dioxide hydrate capture and storage.[11] Therefore, finding ways to quickly and efficiently improve the generation efficiency of carbon dioxide hydrate and shorten its generation time had become the key to breaking the bottleneck of this technology.
Influence of a nonionic surfactant on hydrate growth in an oil-water emulsion system
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Junwen Bai, Zhen Pan, Liyan Shang, Li Zhou, Jiaqi Zhai, Zhaodong Jing, Shang Wang
Natural gas hydrate (hereinafter referred to as hydrate) is an ice-like clathrate compound formed by water molecules and low molecular weight gas molecules under high pressure and low-temperature environment.[1,2] Gas hydrate is commonly found in submarine sedimentary areas or permafrost environments and has broad application prospects for gas storage.[3] They occur in quantities that are double that of all the known reserves of fossil fuels on Earth and they are considered the most abundant hydrocarbon energy source.[4] Because pipelines often pass through harsh environments, e.g., high pressures and low temperatures on the seabed, ideal conditions for the formation of gas hydrate are present.[5] The accumulation of formed hydrate can result in pipeline blockages which pose a serious threat to the economy and safety.[6] Therefore, controlling the formation of gas hydrate is key to flow assurance.
Effect of nanofluid and SDS compound system on natural gas hydrate formation
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
Xianzhi Huang, Guiyang Ma, Ping Wang
In recent years, natural gas hydrate (hereinafter referred to as hydrate), has attracted widespread attention as a clean energy source because of its huge reserves. Hydrate is a non-stoichiometric cage complex formed by water molecules and methane gas molecules at low temperature and high pressure. This complex can release natural gas at a ratio of 1:170 (Pahlavanzadeh et al. 2019, 1392; Nashed et al. 2019, 602; Chaturvedi, Prasad, and Mandal 2018, 246). Based on a conservative estimate, the amount of methane gas present in the form of hydrates under standard conditions is approximately twice the total amount of petroleum, natural gas, and coal resources present on Earth (Yang and Qin 2012, 221; Pan et al. 2018, 266). Hydrates have broad applications in the storage and transportation of natural gas (Yang and Qin 2012, 221; Pan et al. 2018, 266; Nakayama et al. 2010, 2576; Khokhar, Gudmundsson, and Sloan 1998, 383; Lu, Tsuji, and Ripmeester 2007, 14163; Partoon et al. 2016, 51; Chong et al. 2016, 1633; Veluswamy et al. 2017, 190). However, the slow generation of hydrates and their low gas storage capacity are considered to be major obstacles in the process of hydrate industrialization.