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Published in William S. Rickman, CRC Handbook of Incineration of Hazardous Wastes, 2017
Hydrogen chloride (HC1) and small amounts of chlorine (CL2), for example, are formed from the incinceration of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is formed from the incineration of organic fluorides, and both hydrogen bromide (HBr) and bromine (BR2) are formed from the incineration of organic bromides. Sulfur oxides (SOx), mostly as sulfur dioxide (SO2), but also including 1 to 50% sulfur trioxide (SO3), are formed from the sulfur present in the waste material and auxiliary fuel. Highly corrosive phosphorus pentoxide (P5O5) is formed from the incineration of organophosphorus compounds. In addition, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) may be formed by fixation of nitrogen from nitrogen compounds present in the waste material or in the combustion air. Suspended particulate emissions are also produced and include particles of mineral oxides and salts from the mineral constituents in the waste material. A wide range of organic compounds may also be formed from the incomplete thermal destruction of organic compounds in the waste and auxiliary fuel.
Chemical Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
White phosphorus (WP) is an element in its pure form, with a white or pale yellow, translucent, crystalline solid appearance with a waxy consistency. It is also known as yellow phosphorus. It is insoluble in water and is stored and shipped under water in its pure elemental form. WP freezes at 44°C and ignites spontaneously in air at or above 30°C (approximately 86°F). Phosphorus pentoxide vapors produced by burning white phosphorus are extremely toxic. The TLV-TWA is 0.1 mg/m3.
Synthesis of phosphoric triamide nanostructures, characterization, X-ray crystallography, and preparation of P2O5-RGO nanocomposites by solvothermal method
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Tayebeh Charkhandaz, Niloufar Dorosti, Saeed Farhadi, Maciej Kubicki
Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) is a white crystalline material that is applied as a dehydrating agent in organic synthesis such the conversion of amides into nitriles, sulfuric acid into sulfur trioxide, and some other organic transformations.[16–18] It is also applied to fabricate phosphorus compounds, purifying sugar, optical glass, heat-insulating glass, medicine, pesticide, and surfactant manufacturing.[19] So far, phosphorus petnoxide reagent supported on different supports silica and alumina.[20] To our knowledge, this is the first report where P2O5 nanoparticles are decorated on RGO sheets via a solvothermal treatment with a phosphoric triamide as precursor. Therefore, we synthesized and characterized nano-phosphoric triamide with formula 4-NO2C6H4C(O)NHP(O)(NHC(CH3)3)2 under ultrasonic and microwave irradiation. Crystal structure of this compound was also determined by X-ray crystallography. The title phosphoric triamide in nano-size was used as an initial reagent to gain P2O5 nanoparticles with thermal decomposition. Finally, a P2O5-RGO nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile and one‐step solvothermal decomposition of 4-NO2C6H4C(O)NHP(O)(NHC(CH3)3)2 precursor over RGO. The structure of P2O5-RGO was thoroughly characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDS, XRD, and UV–vis spectroscopy.