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New Uses for Hemicellulose
Published in Jorge M.T.B. Varejão, Biomass, Bioproducts and Biofuels, 2022
Commercial furfural is prepared mainly from biomass residues from existing processes, such as sugarcane bagasse, using acids and temperature under steam distillation, to quickly remove furfural from the acidic medium. The yields are generally less than 40%, as to be expected since hemicellulose fraction in biomass has a maximum value in that range, and constitutes the source of precursor sugars. The residue left from the furfural process can often be recycled for energy production. The problems associated with this process are acid effluents rich in lignin which, if not treated properly, can cause environmental problems (Dalvand et al. 2018). In Table 3, gives a compilation of HMF preparation results, with the respective experimental dehydration conditions.
Composites from Natural Fibers and Bio-resins
Published in Shakeel Ahmed, Saiqa Ikram, Suvardhan Kanchi, Krishna Bisetty, Biocomposites, 2018
Poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) has emerged as an interesting bio-based renewable resource polymer that possess excellent properties such as high heat distortion temperature, high chemical resistance, and hydrophobicity. PFA is derived from a furfuryl alcohol (FA) precursor, which is a main chemical product produced from furfural. Furfural is an aldehyde obtained from hydrolysis of agricultural residue of sugarcane, rice hulls, hazelnut shells, wheat, corn, and birch wood. In addition, nearly 85-90% of the furfural produced globally is being transformed into furfuryl alcohol by an inexpensive derivation route, and a cationic condensation reaction is used to polymerize the furanic monomer.
Chemistry and Nature of Biofuels
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Maria Joana Neiva Correia, M. Margarida Mateus, Maria Cristina Fernandes, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
Furfural (Figure 2.24) is a colorless oily liquid, is toxic, and has skin irritant effects; it is used as solvent in pesticides, synthetic resins, and nylon industries (Brown and Brown 2014; SP 2015). It is derived from a variety of agricultural by-products, including corncobs, oat, wheat bran, and sawdust. Under heat and acid conditions, xylose and other C5 sugars undergo dehydration, losing three water molecules to become furfural. Furfural and water evaporate together from the reaction mixture and are separated upon condensation. Depending on the type of crop residue feedstock, between 3% and 10% of the original plant mass can be recovered as furfural.
Recovery of waste biomass: pyrolysis and characterization of sugarcane residues and their bio-oils
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Jamilly A. S. Barros, Jaderson K. Schneider, Rafael O. Farrapeira, Yasmine B. Andrade, Laiza C. Krause, Thiago R. Bjerk, Elina B. Caramão
Furfural is produced from agricultural raw materials (or residues) rich in pentosan polymers (hemicellulose fraction) by acid degradation and its price is in the level of petrochemicals such as benzene and toluene [40]. Furfural derivatives are of great importance in the chemical industry, these substances allow some applications, such as the production of plastics, nylons, adhesives and lubricants. In addition, HMF has been used for the production of special phenolic resins, as well as several other polymerizable furanic monomers with promising properties. Through hydrogenation of furfural, furfuryl alcohol can be produced, which has a series of applications in the chemical industry, such as starting material in the production of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, in the manufacture of resins and as an intermediary in the production of fragrances and vitamin C [40]. 5-methyl-furfural is also applied in the preparation of air gel [41].
Volatile organic compound and particulate emissions from the production and use of thermoplastic biocomposite 3D printing filaments
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
Antti Väisänen, Lauri Alonen, Sampsa Ylönen, Marko Hyttinen
It was demonstrated in this study that functional and 3D printable BC feedstocks can be produced from commercially available plastic granules and raw wood fibers without expensive and technically advanced machines. The airborne contaminant compositions, levels, and ERs produced by a filament extruder resemble those from an open ME 3D printer when equivalent feedstocks are used in both. This was the first time this was confirmed. Emission products originated from PLA-based BC feedstocks could not be identified as severely more hazardous than those from a pure PLA feedstock, albeit some differences in chemical compositions existed. Certain compounds that originate from thermal treatment of wood, including terpenes and furfural were the most obvious differences. Terpenes can impair indoor air quality through secondary chemical reactions and UFP formation, but their impact on air quality is not expected to be significant based on the concentration levels obtained in the current study. Furfural may produce toxic effects in prolonged exposure, but it was found inconsistently and only at low concentration levels. PLA-based BC materials can be identified as environmentally friendly feedstocks which express similar hazardous properties in comparison to traditional petroleum-derived polymers based our findings as the addition of bio-content both reduced the portion of plastic-originated emission products and introduced new chemical emission products, while no major impact was observed on the produced particle levels. Nonetheless, emission control measures should be always applied when thermal extruders are operated.
Chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass: A critical comparison between biochemical, microwave and thermochemical conversion methods
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Iris K. M. Yu, Huihui Chen, Felix Abeln, Hadiza Auta, Jiajun Fan, Vitaly L. Budarin, James H. Clark, Sophie Parsons, Christopher J. Chuck, Shicheng Zhang, Gang Luo, Daniel C.W Tsang
Furfural has emerged as an important platform molecule for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, agrochemicals polymers, and fuels (Puértolas et al., 2017). A promising alternative to acid-promoted dehydration for furfural production is the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. In particular, corncob is a common feedstock for furfural production due to its rich contents of pentosans and cellulose (Branca, Blasi, et al., 2010). During the pyrolysis of ZnCl2-impregnated corncobs, ZnCl2 catalyzed the primary paths of furfural formation via dehydration of pentosyl and glucosyl residues (Branca, Blasi, et al., 2010). The furfural yield was 8 wt% when using ZnCl2-impregnated corncob in fast pyrolysis (Oh et al., 2013). The furfural yield increased from 0.6 wt% to 11.5 wt% using a similar feedstock (corn stover) when it was pretreated before pyrolysis, and toluene extraction was effective in recovering furfural from the complex product mixtures (Seungjin et al., 2015).