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Polymerization of Natural Oils for a Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Gas Sensor Application
Published in Chin Hua Chia, Chin Han Chan, Sabu Thomas, Functional Polymeric Composites, 2017
Rashmi.T.A. Das, Panchan.A.N. Pramanik, Raj.I.B. Bandyopadhyay
Benzoyl peroxide, chloroform, methylamine, ethylamine, tert-butylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, and ammonia are purchased from E. Merck, India. All the chemicals are used without any further purification. Tung oil is purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The 10 MHz AT-cut quartz crystal microbalance crystals with silver electrodes on both sides are purchased from local market. A laboratory made set up is used for the frequency measurement of the quartz crystal. A set of six sensors is fabricated by varying the concentration of initiator in the solution. The concentrations of benzoyl peroxide used for this experiment are 0.34, 0.67, 1.01, 1.35, 1.69, and 2.08 (w/v %). Before coating of polymer film, the quartz crystal microbalances are rinsed with ethanol followed by deionized water. The sensors are fabricated with a maximum load of 5–6 kHz by simple solution dip–dry method. The solvent evaporation from the QCM surface is done at room temperature for 1 h, followed by 3-h drying at hot air oven at 110°C in the presence of argon. The optimization of the polymerization process is carried out and the plot is given in Figures 6.4 and 6.5. It is observed that the sensor fabricated with the solution containing 1.35 w/v% of benzoyl peroxide is more sensitive for the detection of volatile organic compounds.
Fluid Properties
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Ethane Ethane Ethane Ethane Ethane Ethane Ethane Ethane Ethane Ethane Ethane Ethane Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethylamine Ethylamine Ethylamine Ethylamine Ethylamine Ethylamine Ethylamine Ethylamine Ethylamine Ethylamine Ethylamine Ethylene Ethylene Ethylene Ethylene Ethylene Ethylene Ethylene Ethylene Ethyl formate Ethyl formate Ethyl formate Ethyl formate Ethyl formate Ethyl formate Ethyl formate Fluorine Fluorine Fluorine Fluorine Fluorine Fluorine Fluorine Name Mol. Form. C2H6 C2H6 C2H6 C2H6 C2H6 C2H6 C2H6 C2H6 C2H6 C2H6 C2H6 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H4 C2H4 C2H4 C2H4 C2H4 C2H4 C2H4 C2H4 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 T/K 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 500 600 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 80 110 140 170 200 230 260 B/cm3mol-1 -337 -284 -242 -209 -181 -159 -140 -123 -109 -96 -52 -24 -2710 -2135 -1676 -1317 -1043 -843 -705 -622 -1543 -1385 -1254 -1144 -1055 -982 -923 -878 -773 -710 -654 -604 -558 -517 -480 -447 -416 -389 -363 -218 -172 -139 -113 -92 -76 -63 -52 -1003 -916 -839 -771 -712 -660 -614 -378 -165 -109 -79 -55 -33 -14
Odor Management I — Quantifying and Treating
Published in Roger T. Haug, of Compost Engineering, 2018
The amines are alkyl derivatives of ammonia and are produced during the anaerobic decomposition of proteins and amino acids. Amines are found in certain industrial wastes, particularly those from the fish and beet sugar industries. Methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, triethylamine, cadaverine, and putrescineare examples of very odorous amine compounds and are often described as putrid and fishy.
Aqueous microwave assisted novel synthesis of isothiocyanates by amine catalyzed thionation of isocyanides with Lawesson's reagent
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2023
Sodeeq Aderotimi Salami, Vincent J. Smith, Rui W. M. Krause
As soon as the base was added, the reaction mixture turned dark brown, indicating the formation of polysulfur chains. The consumption of suspended Lawesson's reagent was also clearly observed as the reaction progressed. According to several reports, organic bases (especially tertiary amines) were more efficient during the thionation of isocyanides to isothiocyanates. The reaction in the absence of solvent failed to produce the desired isothiocyanates, an indication from the TLC suggests no apparent conversion even after 6 h of heating. Therefore, we started by evaluating the reactivity of several amines in the reaction of a model isocyanide including 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-en (DBU), triethylamine (TEA), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and Diisopropyl ethylamine. Among the common organic bases tested, tertiary amine such as triethylamine proved to be more efficient resulting to 94% conversion (Table 1, entry 2). DBU gave a quantitative yield of 81%. The most basic amine (TEA) was found to have the greatest conversion rate.
Elimination of Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid from Effluents from Pharmaceutical Production by Ozonation
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
Fares Daoud, Sebastian Zühlke, Michael Spiteller, Oliver Kayser
With EDTA as the parent molecule, a second reaction pathway can be delineated. The loss of an acetic acid moiety leads to ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (ED3A, MW234) according to Metsärinne et al. (2004) and Sillanpää et al. (2011). In contrast, ED3A is also a potential degradation product of DT3A, which is generated by the removal of an ethylamine moiety (Ternes et al. 1996). ED3A then transforms into ketopiperzindiacetate (KPDA; MW216) by intramolecular cyclization. In recent research, ED3A has not been identified at significant concentrations; therefore, it is not displayed in the proposed degradation path (Figure 8). Instead, EDTA is postulated to decompose directly to KPDA. Alternatively, cyclization of DT3A can also occur. Further, upon cleavage of an acetaldehyde group and an ethylamine group from DT3A, N,N-EDDA (MW176) is formed; it is a transformation product formerly mentioned by Metsärinne et al. (2004). The most prominent product of the postulated degradation pathway is MW126 (C5H6N2O2). Based on the MS/MS data, the proposed structure contains a piperazine ring with an exocyclic oxygen and an aldehyde moiety. MW126 derives from KPDA by cleavage of a carboxymethyl group and a hydroxyl group. Additionally, Ternes et al. (1996) stated that ethylenediamine carboxylic acids can generate heterocyclic piperazine derivates that are very stable. This observation is in accordance with the results of our research.
An indicator for sulfuric acid–amine nucleation in atmospheric environments
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2021
Runlong Cai, Chao Yan, Douglas R. Worsnop, Federico Bianchi, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Yongchun Liu, Lin Wang, Jun Zheng, Markku Kulmala, Jingkun Jiang
Amine, ammonia, and H2O molecules may detach from H2SO4 molecules and clusters during the detection using the mass spectrometer. Hence, we used the sulfuric acid monomer concentration ([H2SO4]) that refers to the total concentration of H2SO4 vapor and clusters containing one H2SO4 molecule in our calculations. Similarly, H2SO4 dimer concentration ([(H2SO4)2]) refers to the total concentration of clusters containing two H2SO4 molecules regardless of the number of base molecules. Because the mass spectrometer for amine detection cannot separate isomers, the measured amines are reported by their carbon numbers. For instance, the C2–amine concentration refers to the total concentration of DMA and ethylamine. The base concentration ([B]) in Equation (1) is defined with respect to DMA. In this study, [B] is approximated with [amine] = [C2–amine] + 0.2 × [C3–amine] and the prefactor of 0.2 stems from the experimental results that DMA is ∼5 times as efficient as trimethylamine in terms of H2SO4-amine nucleation (Jen, McMurry, and Hanson 2014). Ammonia and other amines were not accounted for because of their corresponding high values of γ (Myllys et al. 2019b; Olenius et al. 2017; Ortega et al. 2012) with respect to their ambient concentrations measured in urban Beijing.