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Microbial Fermentation of Waste Oils for Production of Added-Value Products
Published in Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh, Lata Nain, Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes, 2023
Naganandhini Srinivasan, Kiruthika Thangavelu, Sivakumar Uthandi
Erythritol, 4C sugar alcohol, is currently utilized as a sucrose substitute with 70–80% of sucrose’s sweetness. Xiaoyan et al. (2017) used Y. lipolytica M53 for coproducing lipase and erythritol from WCO, demonstrating that WCO was better for erythritol synthesis than pure vegetable oils, including olive, soybean, and rapeseed oil. The most influential factors for the efficient biosynthesis of erythritol include WCO concentration, the quantity of an osmotic agent, NaCl, C/N ratio, and nitrogen source. For the coproduction of erythritol and lipase, ammonium oxalate proved to be the optimal nitrogen source. The process was upscaled from a shake flask (250 mL) to a fermenter (5L) and registered a modest increase in yield (20.5 g/L to 22.1 g/L) after seventy-two hours, while the greatest lipase activity of 12.7 U/mL was reached in just twenty-four hours.
Phosphorous-Based FRs
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
Erythritol is a sugar alcohol (or polyol) that is used as a food additive and sugar substitute. Its formula is C4H10O4. Pentaerythritol phosphate (Structure 6.1) has an excellent char-forming ability owing to the presence of the pentaerythritol structure. The bis-melamine salt of the bis acid phosphate of pentaerythritol is also available commercially. This is a high melting solid that acts as an intumescent FR additive for polyolefins. Synergistic combinations with ammonium polyphosphates have also been developed primarily for urethane elastomers (Joseph and Ebdon, 2010).
The impact of using polyols as osmotic agents on mass exchange during osmotic dehydration and their content in osmodehydrated and dried apples
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
Hanna Kowalska, Łukasz Woźniak, Ewelina Masiarz, Alicja Stelmach, Agnieszka Salamon, Jolanta Kowalska, Dariusz Piotrowski, Agata Marzec
Osmotic dehydration was observed to significantly depend on the type of osmotic substance, however the effective diffusion of water and solids was quite varied, in case of Dw ranging from 6.61 × 10−9 in apples osmodehydrated in maltitol to 1.85 × 10−9 m2·s−1 in erythritol solution as it was shown in Table 3. While the diffusive coefficient of solid Ds varied between 1.14 × 10−10 and 1.50 × 10−9 m2·s−1. The most important, larger than sucrose commonly used as osmotic substance, was erythritol. This was related to the molecular weight of the osmotic substances used. The smaller the molecular weight, the greater the diffusivity of the substance in the dehydrated apples was observed. However, the data for apples osmodehydrated in maltitol was quite varied, so in this case the value of diffusion coefficients, especially solid, may not be accurate enough. The obtained diffusion coefficients values were similar with those published in literature, e.g. Rodríguez et al.[31] who in the case of OD of nectarines in glucose and sorbitol solutions (40 and 60% w/w) for 120 min at temperatures of 25 and 40 °C, with fruit/osmotic agent ratio of 1:4 and 1:10 obtained the value with a range of 10−10–10−8 m2/s. Ferrari et al.[32] found similar values in slices of pears osmotically dehydrated in aqueous solutions of sucrose and sorbitol (40 and 60°Brix) held at 30 °C for periods of up to 24 h.
Enhancement of erythritol production by Trichosporonoides oedocephalis ATCC 16958 through regulating key enzyme activity and the NADPH/NADP ratio with metal ion supplementation
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Liangzhi Li, Pei Kang, Xin Ju, Jiajia Chen, Huibin Zou, Cuiying Hu, Lishi Yan
Previously, it was reported that the final step of erythritol biosynthesis is catalyzed by ER, which reduces erythrose into erythritol with concomitant NAD(P)H oxidation.[23,2728] To further explore the mechanism by which 30 mg/L CuSO4 · 5H2O enhances erythritol production in T. oedocephalis, erythrose reductase activity was determined in samples collected from the 5-L bioreactor batch culture. As shown in Figure 4, a slight difference was found in ER activity between the Cu2+ supplementation and nonsupplementation groups before 36 hr, while the maximum (0.13 U/mg protein) was reached at 48 hr in both cases. ER activity with 30 mg/L CuSO4 · 5H2O supplementation was largely higher than that of the control group from 60 hr. This corroborates the previous literature that copper ions enhance ER activity and promote erythritol biosynthesis.[10] As shown in Figure 3, erythritol yield with copper ion supplementation was higher than the control value after 48 hr of culture; the highest erythritol yield of 44.27 g/L was obtained at 108 hr of fermentation, representing 27% increase compared with the control value.