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Chemistry, food and the modern diet: what’s in food besides food?
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
In some products, the non-nutritive sweeteners are used with sugar alcohols that provide physical properties resembling sucrose. These are called polyols, and examples include sorbitol (a.k.a., glucitol), mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, and maltitol. These names are related to the corresponding sugars whose name ends in “-ose” and are prepared from the sugars by chemical reduction. Related substances may also be referred to as “hydrogenated glucose syrups” or “hydrogenated starch hydrolysates.” The polyols are less completely absorbed by the digestive tract than sucrose or other carbohydrates and as a result provide less caloric input. They can cause gastrointestinal disturbances and this is indicated on labels of certain products with high content of sugar alcohols.
Thin-Layer Chromatography in the Study of Entomology
Published in Bernard Fried, Joseph Sherma, Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2017
Sugar alcohols have been shown to play an important role in insect cold-hardiness by increasing the insect’s ability to supercool and avoid the lethal effects of freezing.38139 They also play a significant role in cryoprotection in freeze-tolerant insects.40 A number of different polyols have been found in the hemolymph of overwintering immature and adult insects, as well as in overwintering eggs. The polyols include glycerol, which is the most common sugar alcohol,38 sorbitol, mannitol, threitol, erythritol,39,42 and ribitol.43–44
Bioconversion study for xylitol and ethanol production by Debaryomyces hansenii: aeration, medium and substrate composition influence
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Soledad Mateo, Gassan Hodaifa, Sebastián Sánchez, Alberto J. Moya
Several yeasts have been used to obtain current products of interest by microbiological processes. In this sense, xylitol could be considered as natural sugar alcohol[1] with aggregated-value and interesting properties for products applications[2] and enormous benefits for health. It can be used as a diabetic sweetener since its metabolism does not require insulin intake.[3] Otherwise, xylitol owns a considerable anti-cariogenic power because of not being employed by a microorganism of oral flora; it avoids acids generation that could attack the dental enamel.[4] Apart from that, it has advantageous sweetening properties similar to sucrose[5] and fair low caloric content. For all these reasons, xylitol has currently a wide range of applications: bakery products, jams, jellies, chewing gum, pharmaceutical and oral hygiene products as well as for chemical polymer synthesis. Theoretically, xylitol obtainment could be carried out by natural extraction from specific foods,[6] catalytic hydrogenation methods from commercial D-xylose or fermentation processes using microorganisms. The biological production route appears as a consequence of different alternative researches to solve some of the drawbacks of chemical synthesis by reducing routines, such as both high pressures and temperatures as well as the high cost of catalytic processes.
Improvement of enzymatic bioxylitol production from sawdust hemicellulose: optimization of parameters
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Islam S. M. Rafiqul, Abdul Munaim Mimi Sakinah, Abdul Wahid Zularisam
Wood sawdust, a waste of sawmill, is a lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). Meranti wood sawdust (MWS) shows great potential as a renewable raw material for producing several value-added chemicals because of its low-cost, availability, and high content of hemicellulose.[1,2] The hemicellulosic part of MWS is selectively hydrolyzed by dilute acid to produce a xylose-rich hydrolysate,[1,3] which can be utilized as an economic and potential starting substrate for the manufacture of various high-value bioproducts especially bioxylitol. Xylitol, a functional sugar alcohol, is as sweet as sucrose. It has 40% less calories than sucrose with a calorific value of 2.4 Cal/g.[4,5] Xylitol is one of the top 12 most valuable chemicals that can be produced from LCBs released by USDOE.[5]
Renewable natural resources as green alternative substrates to obtain bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethanes-review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Another example of the bio-based building block is isosorbide which is sourced from the dehydration of sorbitol. Sorbitol, common sugar alcohol, is a structural isomer of mannitol derived from such sources as wheat, corn sirup, berries and fruit for instance apples or prunes. On the one hand, sorbitol is found most commonly in food products as a sweetener or used in the cosmetic industry as a wetting agent. On the other hand, this sugar substitute provides an opportunity for the new platform chemical for bio-based polymers (Schmidt, Göppert, Bruchmann, & Mülhaupt, 2017). Currently, the main source of sorbitol is starch, transformed via an aminolysis reaction and then hydrogenation process (Zhang, Li, Wu, & Liu, 2013). It is also possible to use for this purpose cellulosic material, which does not come into conflict with food consumption (Furtwengler, Perrin, Redl, & Avérous, 2017). Nowadays, sorbitol-based polyols are commercially available on an industrial scale. The BASF company produces high functional polyether polyol based on sorbitol with the trade name LupranolTM 3422 and also Dow Chemical company realizes the production of polyether polyols with the trade name TercarolTM and VoranolTM via the reaction between sorbitol and propylene oxide (BASF, n.d.; Dow Chemical, n.d.).