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Utilization of Agro-Industrial Wastes for Biofuel Generation
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Parmjit S. Panesar, Valorization of Agro-Industrial Byproducts, 2023
Rajeev K. Sukumaran, Meera Christopher, AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju, Meena Sankar, Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil, Valan Rebinro Gnanaraj, Anoop Puthiyamadam, Reshma M. Mathew, Velayudhan Pillai-Prasannakumari Adarsh
Other platform chemicals from lignocellulose-derived sugars are ring-opened derivatives of C5 sugars, such as xylitol and arabinitol, which function as intermediates in the synthesis of various kinds of linear polycondensates. Due to their usefulness in chemical synthesis, xylitol and arabinitol have more market value than ethanol. Sorbitol, derived from glucose, is another key intermediate that finds many applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries and as an additive in many end-products (Kobayashi and Fukuoka, 2013). All three products of the ABE fermentation process – acetone, butanol, and ethanol – may also be considered platform chemicals in their own right because their conversion products, notably ethylene (the monomer for polyethylene), ethylene glycol, butadiene (the monomer for synthetic rubber), propene, and vinyl chloride are important polymers (Takkellapati et al., 2018).
Aqueous-Phase Reforming and BioForming Process
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Water for Energy and Fuel Production, 2014
The Gibbs free energy diagrams for some typical oxygenated compounds such as methanol ( CH3OH ), ethylene glycol [ C2H4(OH)2 ], glycerol [ C3H5(OH)3 ], and sorbitol [ C6H8(OH)6 ] are also shown in Figure 6.2. These results indicate that the APR of these compounds at low temperatures are thermodynamically favorable. Sorbitol is generally obtained by the hydrogenation of glucose [ C6H6(OH)6 ]. Thus, oxygenated hydrocarbons can be reformed at much lower temperatures than the alkanes with similar carbon number. A combination of aqueous (or steam) reforming of oxygenated carbohydrates and water–gas shift reaction will allow the production of hydrogen at low temperatures.
Humectants in Personal Care Formulation: A Practical Guide
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Sorbitol is a hexahydric alcohol which is typically supplied as a 70%-by-weight syrup, although the crystalline form is also available from analytical-reagent suppliers. It was first discovered as a component of the ripe berries of the mountain ash. Commercially, it is obtained by the high-pressure hydrogenation of glucose or by electroreduction.
Renewable natural resources as green alternative substrates to obtain bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethanes-review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Another example of the bio-based building block is isosorbide which is sourced from the dehydration of sorbitol. Sorbitol, common sugar alcohol, is a structural isomer of mannitol derived from such sources as wheat, corn sirup, berries and fruit for instance apples or prunes. On the one hand, sorbitol is found most commonly in food products as a sweetener or used in the cosmetic industry as a wetting agent. On the other hand, this sugar substitute provides an opportunity for the new platform chemical for bio-based polymers (Schmidt, Göppert, Bruchmann, & Mülhaupt, 2017). Currently, the main source of sorbitol is starch, transformed via an aminolysis reaction and then hydrogenation process (Zhang, Li, Wu, & Liu, 2013). It is also possible to use for this purpose cellulosic material, which does not come into conflict with food consumption (Furtwengler, Perrin, Redl, & Avérous, 2017). Nowadays, sorbitol-based polyols are commercially available on an industrial scale. The BASF company produces high functional polyether polyol based on sorbitol with the trade name LupranolTM 3422 and also Dow Chemical company realizes the production of polyether polyols with the trade name TercarolTM and VoranolTM via the reaction between sorbitol and propylene oxide (BASF, n.d.; Dow Chemical, n.d.).