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Biofuels
Published in Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher, Introduction to Bioenergy, 2017
Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher
Because liquid fuels have high energy content, are easy to store and transport, and are widely available, then to replace or displace fossil fuels will result in a major shift. Of course, conservation and efficiency are paramount and that is the reason for requiring increased fuel efficiency (see 2.5.2), promoting mass transit, and the use of railroads for moving products and people. The other possibility is to replace fossil fuels with biofuels, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, and electric vehicles. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is commercially available, used for some fleets and busses (CNG or liquefied natural gas, 12%–15% in the United States), and is widely available in Argentina, so there it is used in cars. In the United States, the Honda Civic natural gas model was available, but was discontinued due to low sales, primarily from lack of fueling stations (http://www.cngnow.com/vehicles/Pages/information.aspx). Others tout hydrogen as the fuel of the future as fuel cells are more efficient than internal combustion engines. A few auto manufacturers have a small number of fuel cell vehicles for lease in selected markets and starting in 2016 available for purchase. Electric vehicles are now available from a number of manufacturers and more of the traditional auto manufacturers are producing them. Auto manufacturers are producing flex-fuel vehicles, where the engine is designed to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline with ethanol or methanol, both fuels stored in common tanks. North American and European flex-fuel vehicles are optimized to run on E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
Once ethanol is blended with gasoline, the resulting blend has physical and chemical characteristics somewhere between pure ethanol and gasoline. E10 is the most common fuel blend of ethanol and gasoline and is widely available across the country at automotive service stations. E10 (Gasohol) is 90% gasoline and 10% ethanol. Any motor vehicle can operate using E10 without any special modifications. E85 is the next most common blend of gasoline and ethanol and is used in flex-fuel vehicles that can burn gasoline or E85. E85 is 15% gasoline and 85% ethanol.
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Once ethanol is blended with gasoline, the resulting blend has physical and chemical characteristics somewhere in between pure ethanol and gasoline. E10 is the most common fuel blend of ethanol and gasoline, and is widely available across the country at automotive service stations. E10 (Gasohol) is 90% gasoline and 10% ethanol. Any motor vehicle can operate using E10 without any special modifications. E85 is the next most common blend of gasoline and ethanol and is used in flex fuel vehicles that can burn gasoline or E85. E85 is 15% gasoline and 85% ethanol.
Experimental assessment of various fuel additives on the performance and emission characteristics of the spark ignition engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
T. Srinivas Rao, Sk. Jakeer Hussain, V. Dhana Raju, Harish Venu, Lingesan Subramani
Ethanol is another widely accepted renewable fuel. Ethanol can be used in blends with gasoline. A well-known concept is the flex-fuel vehicles that can run 85% ethanol (E85). In Brazil, the majority of the cars run on neat ethanol, produced from sugarcane. Also, low-level blends of ethanol are used in the United States of America (USA), the blends of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline which are popularly referred to as E10, similarly in Europe, the blends of 5% ethanol and 95% gasoline referred to as E5 were popularly used in petrol engines. The ethanol used in the tests was limited to essentially anhydrous ethanol because other kinds of ethanol are not soluble or have very limited solubility in the vast majority of diesel fuels. Ethanol can be produced from renewable energy sources such as sugarcane, corn, barley and many other types of waste materials. Ethanol can be used in petrol engines in pure form or by blending it with petrol. Using ethanol in pure form necessitates some alterations in engine design, whereas it can be used in the existing engine design by blending it with petrol at low concentrations without any design alteration. Ethanol contains an oxygen atom, therefore, it can be considered as a partially oxidised hydrocarbon. Density of ethanol was observed to be slightly higher than petrol.
A comparative study on the corrosion behaviour of welded and un-welded API 5L X70 steel in simulated fuel grade ethanol
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
O. O. Joseph, O. S. I. Fayomi, Olakunle O. Joseph, S. A. Afolalu, M. P. Mubaiyi, O. N. Olotu, J. O. Fashola
Alcohol fuels have been around for years, typically mixed with gasoline in a blend (also known as gasohol). E10 (10% ethanol to 90% gasoline) can be used in any internal combustion engine, and many oil companies already blend their fuels that way (Rangel et al., 2016). E10 reduces greenhouse gases by up to 3.9% (Basanta & Ajit, 2016). The use of these fuels in higher proportion requires modification to the fuel storage and delivery systems on cars and trucks. E85, a mixture of 85% ethanol to 15% gasoline, can be used in flex-fuel vehicles. Car enthusiasts have modified their vehicles to run on ethanol or methanol alone, with mixed results. This E85 can reduce the net emissions of greenhouse gases by as much as 37.1%, which is a significant amount. Ethanol, when used as a gasoline additive, serves both as an octane enhancer and oxygenate to promote complete combustion and reduce harmful emissions (Maldonado & Sridhar, 2007).
A detailed study of IC engines and a novel discussion with comprehensive view of alternative fuels used in petrol and diesel engines
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
I. Vinoth Kanna, M. Arulprakasajothi, Sherin Eliyas
Gasohol (E10) is a gas–ethanol mix with about 10% ethanol by volume. E85 is a mix of 85% ethanol and 15% gas. In Brazil, about portion of the vehicles utilise an ethanol-based fuel ‘liquor’, basically E93, delivered from sugar stick. In the United States, the essential wellspring of ethanol is as of now from starch feedstocks, for example, corn, and there are endeavours in progress to create ethanol from cellulosic feedstocks, for example, corn fibre, ranger service waste, poplar, and switch grass. The vitality thickness by volume of ethanol is generally high for an elective fuel, around 66% that of gas. The octane rating of ethanol of 111 RON permits utilisation of an expanded compression proportion. The cetane number of ethanol is low, at around 8, and it very well may be utilised in pressure start motors with diesel fuel pilot start. As shown in Table 3, the CO2 emissions from ethanol on an equivalent energy basis are about 99% that of gasoline. With a switch from RFG to E85, for a fleet of flexible fuelled vehicles, Cadle et al. (1997) report that the NOx emissions decreased by 29%, the nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) decreased by 10%, and the CO emissions increased by 8%. The corresponding FTP toxic emissions are shown in Table 10. There was a 71% reduction in 1,3-butadiene, and a 64% reduction in benzene. However, for E85 the acetaldehyde emissions were almost two orders of magnitude higher than those of RFG, leading to almost a fourfold increase in the toxic emission levels.