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Technological frames
Published in Benjamin K. Sovacool, Visions of Energy Futures, 2019
But for readers unfamiliar with shale gas production, this all begs the question: what exactly is it? Natural gas comes in a variety of hydrocarbon mixtures located in a variety of geological settings. What engineers call “wet gas” has a higher proportion of heavier molecules like ethane, propane, butane, and pentane, and comes in a liquid state; “dry gas” comes in gaseous state and (in the current market) fetches a lower price. Most “wet” and “dry” gas comes from “plays” (the industry term for “fields”) composed of well-defined reservoirs with high rates of permeability. “Unconventional gas” refers to six types of gas plays where permeability is low: Coal-bed methane (contained in coal seams); tight gas (gas in low permeable formations); geo pressured gas (gas trapped in deep high-pressured reservoirs); gas hydrates (methane in the form of a crystalline solid that can be found in marine sediments); shale gas (gas trapped within shale formations of sedimentary rocks); and ultra-deep gas (often offshore reservoirs locked in high depths).21,22,23
Efficient processing of crude oil using direct cracking at high temperatures over modified FCC catalysts
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Nguyen Le-Phuc, Tri Van Tran, Tuan Trung Phan, Phuong Thuy Ngo, Thuy Ngoc Luong
This study encourages the direct processing of crude oil by catalytic cracking. For the first time, the performance of HT-FCC catalyst, which was obtained by the simple treatment of Ecat with oxalic acid, on the direct cracking of Bach Ho crude oil at high temperature (620–650 °C) was presented. This catalyst exhibits much higher activity compared to Ecat. The yields of light olefins, gasoline, and dry gas are in the range of 18–23 wt.%, 51–59 wt%, and 3–6 wt%, respectively. By adding HT-ZSM-5, the conversion of gasoline to light olefins, especially propylene could be further enhanced. RON number and BTXs content in gasoline is also increased with HT-ZSM-5 addition. The results also demonstrated that our catalyst system with the use of a low C/O ratio can keep the yield of dry gas at a much lower level compared to those in literature.
A new lumping kinetic model for fluid catalytic cracking
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Shiyuan Sun, Fandong Meng, Hongfei Yan
Unlike conventional riser, MIP riser reactor has a longer reaction time. Therefore, the cracking reaction and condensation reaction should be taken into account in the establishment of kinetic model of MIP riser reactor. According to the catalytic cracking reaction mechanism of MIP process, the model has been hypothesized as follows: (1) All reactions in the reaction network are irreversible first-order. (2) The feedstock experience cracking reaction and condensation to form all the products (3) As an intermediate product of catalytic cracking, diesel oil can be further cracked to form dry gas, liquefied gas, gasoline, or condensed to form slurry and coke. (4) Gasoline can be cracked to form dry gas, liquefied gas, or condensed to form coke. (5) Dry gas, liquefied gas and coke are the final product of the reaction. (6) Two reaction zones have the same reaction network, but have the different reaction temperatures and material concentrations that cause the differences of reaction rate. Accordingly, the reaction networks of model 1 and model 2 are established, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. Model 1 contains 21 reactions and model 2 contains 17 reactions.
Prediction of the product yield from catalytic cracking (MIP) process by an 8-lump kinetic model combined with neural network
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Junfeng You, Fangfang Ma, Fusheng Ouyang
In numerous researches, FCC feedstock oil has been divided into different lumps by the hydrocarbon structures. And most plants usually use four components, namely saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes, to indicate the compositions of heavy raw oil. It should be mentioned that the reaction characteristics of resins and asphaltenes are similar, and their contents are also low, especially asphaltenes. Hence, heavy raw oil could be divided into just three lumps, namely saturates (HS) aromatics (HA), resins and asphaltenes (HR). In addition, industrial equipment data in this study are obtained from the real-time data, which means the compositions of the corresponding diesel oil, gasoline and gas are not available. Therefore, the products are divided into 5 lumps, namely diesel oil (D), gasoline (G), liquefied gas (LPG), dry gas (Gas) and coke (Coke).