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Economic and Financial Impacts of Oil Spills
Published in M.R. Riazi, Oil Spill Occurrence, Simulation, and Behavior, 2021
The refining, commercialization, and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas constitute the downstream sector. In the refineries, the crude undergoes a process of physical separation and then chemical processes to extract the different components that form it. The extracted derivates are fuels and petrochemicals. Thus, consumers receive products such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, lubricants, asphalt, natural gas and liquefied gas, synthetic rubber, fertilizers, preservatives, packaging, and plastics. Wholesale and retail marketing activities help move the finished products from energy companies to retailers or end users.
Introduction
Published in Jay Gohil, Manan Shah, Application of Big Data in Petroleum Streams, 2022
Downstream segment is responsible for the creation of products that include (but not limited to) familiar items like petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, plastics & pharmaceuticals and unfamiliar items like jet fuel, heating oil, fertilizers, pesticides, lubricants, synthetic rubber, waxes & asphalt among thousands of different petrochemical-based products. Moreover, each activity can be seen in Figure 1.8 with summarized aspects for the same.
A New Downstream Industry
Published in Marcio Wagner da Silva, Crude Oil Refining, 2023
As presented in previous chapters, the downstream industry is fundamental to ensure added value to the processed crude oil and supply energy to the economic development of nations. Despite its relevance, the downstream industry is facing a transitive period where the pressure to minimize the environmental footprint of the crude oil processing chain, new technologies, and new behavior patterns of society are producing significant changes in the downstream industry.
Experimental investigation of flame height and air entrainment of n-heptane double open pool fires
Published in Experimental Heat Transfer, 2022
Siva K Bathina, Sudheer Siddapureddy
Petroleum and its downstream products are one of the major energy sources. The safety of these fuels during storage, processing, and transportation is a major concern in petrochemical industries. A fire accident in any of these states may form multiple pool fires due to the flame propagation and thermal radiation to the adjacent flammable liquids or packages. The burning of multiple pool fires (MPF) beyond the threshold distance results in the merging of concerned flames and forms a massive fire [1]. These fires ultimately lead to catastrophic personal injury and devastating damage. Since 1950, many major multiple fire mishaps were detailed around the world [2]. A large portion of these multiple fire accidents occurred in the oil and processing industries. For instance, on December 11, 2005, the vapor cloud explosion (VCE) happened in the Bunce field tank storage facility due to the spillage of 300 kL of unleashed gasoline. This caused the simultaneous initiation of 22 tank fires [2]. In another instance, on October 29, 2009, a leak from a pipeline during the exchange of petroleum at the Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) terminal followed by an enormous VCE, ignited 11 pool fires which created flame high enough to be noticeable from 30 km. Flame height is one of the crucial parameters of MPF in estimating the thermal radiation to surroundings, heat feedback to the pool fires and finding the safety distances.
Benchmarking of Oil and Gas Pipeline Companies in British Columbia: Integrating Integrity Management Program and Safety Culture Using a Risk-Based Approach
Published in Engineering Management Journal, 2022
Hassan Iqbal, Husnain, Haider, Bushra Waheed, Solomon Tesfamariam, Rehan Sadiq
The energy sector around the globe heavily relies on the Oil and Gas (O&G) industry (Govan & Reinschmidt, 2013). As oil is not available as a natural resource in all the regions, the fleets of bulk ships transport it in large quantities across the world (Dulebenets, 2018). O&G companies use large pipelines for inter-city distribution within a country. An O&G pipeline industry performs the following operations, (i) upstream activities, e.g., exploration, drilling, extraction, storage, and shipping, (ii) downstream activities, e.g., refining, distribution, and selling of the refined products. Technical challenges in O&G projects are continuously increasing with the recent breakthroughs in technologies (e.g., new drilling techniques) and changing safety and quality requirements (Kian Manesh Rad et al., 2017; Veritas, 2011). In addition, the O&G infrastructure needs to be resilient against high-risk natural disasters (Ilbeigi & Dilkina, 2018). Accordingly, O&G pipeline companies, together with the regulatory authorities, are taking proactive measures to overcome these challenges by implementing effective integrity management programs (IMPs) and emphasizing on strong safety culture (Hurst, 1997; Schneider et al., 2011).
Work breakdown structure application for man-hours calculation in hull construction shipbuilding in Malaysia
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2019
W. A. Z. Wan Abd Rahman, N. I. Mohd Zaki, M. K. Abu Husain
Three (3) main categories of oil & gas activities in Malaysia are upstream, midstream and downstream. Upstream, known as Exploration and Production (E&P), normally involves finding, extracting and processing oil & gas from subsurface onto surface ready for transportation (Mat Soom, Abu Husain, Mohd Zaki, Azman, & Najafian, 2016). Midstream activities involve transportation and storage of crude oil and natural gas from E&P plant for further processing by pipeline, railway, road or tanker. Downstream, also known as refining & marketing (R&M), can be defined as further processing activity of crude oil and natural gas into a useful final product or raw material for other industry.