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Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Biodiesel
Published in Anand Ramanathan, Babu Dharmalingam, Vinoth Thangarasu, Advances in Clean Energy, 2020
Anand Ramanathan, Babu Dharmalingam, Vinoth Thangarasu
During the transesterification, three reversible reactions happen, in which 1 mole of fatty methyl esters is released in every step. During the first reaction, the triglyceride is reacted to form diglyceride; in the second step, the diglyceride gets converted to monoglyceride; and in the final step, it is converted to glycerol. Monoglycerides are fatty acid esters of the mono type of glycerol. They are formed through chemical processes, and during the degradation they are formed as intermediates between triglyceride and diglyceride. Diglyceride consists of two fatty acids which are esterified to the trihydric alcohol glycerol. To find the amount of mono-, di-, and triglycerides present in the biodiesel sample, a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector is used as per the EN 14105 standard. In a temperature-controlled oven, a high-resolution silica capillary house is installed. The maximum capacity of the oven is 22.6 L. Electronically pressure-controlled systems are used to control the gases in the gas chromatography. There are separate injectors and detectors for liquid and gaseous samples. A flame-ionizing detector is used for liquid sample analysis and a thermal conductivity detector is used for gaseous samples. The temperature range of the setup is 30°C to 500°C with a 1°C set point resolution of accuracy. The heating rate varies from 1 to 50°C/min, and it has 1 to 7 segments of temperature profile. Using a TR-FAME capillary column, the biodiesel analysis was made. Capillary tubes will be 10 m in length and of 0.22 mm inner diameter, and the thickness of the film will be 0.25 µm.
Section B: Uses of Renewable Feedstocks
Published in Aidé Sáenz-Galindo, Adali Oliva Castañeda-Facio, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera, Green Chemistry and Applications, 2020
José Fernando Solanilla-Duque, Margarita del Rosario Salazar-Sánchez, Héctor Samuel Villada-Castillo
Mono- and diglycerides, which have been used for about 50 years, due to their emulsifying properties, are suitable when added at low concentrations (0.5%). Given the HLB of these emulsifiers, they are suitable for forming Water-in-Oil (W/O) emulsions (see earlier). In fact, the use of emulsifiers achieves the partial substitution of fat by water and through this formula successful formulations have been achieved (Martin et al., 2018). These compounds can be used to replace all or part of the fat content in numerous applications and produce a finished product with sensory properties similar to those of the original product. A mixture of such ingredients can combine the functional properties of each of the ingredients separately (Ponphaiboon et al., 2018).
Chemistry and Biology of Monoglycerides in Cosmetic Formulations
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Mono- and diglyceride mixtures have been marketed in a “self-emulsified” or soap-containing form for many years. The relatively weak, water-in-oil emulsifying properties of mono- and diglyceride mixtures permit oil-in-water emulsions to be formed by this technique. It is also possible to disperse distilled monoglycerides in water, using soap; the appearance of the emulsion is different.
Evaluation of the fuel quality values of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) oil as a biodiesel feedstock
Published in Biofuels, 2018
The idea of using vegetable oil as a fuel started with the invention of the diesel engine [101]. The use of vegetable oil was not acceptable because it was more expensive than petrol. However, with recent price increases in oil and uncertainty in oil production, there is a renewed interest in using vegetable oils in diesel engines [10]. Vegetable oils, also known as triglycerides, contain about 98% triglycerides, and a small amount of mono- and diglycerides. Triglycerides contain the methyl ester of three fatty acid molecules, a glycerol and a sufficient amount of oxygen in their structures [2]. Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel obtained from renewable sources such as animal or vegetable oils. Chemically, the long-chain fatty acid is defined as a mono alkyl ester [6]. It is biodegradable and non-toxic, has a low emissivity profile and is environmentally useful [11]. Vegetable oils can be used as fuels for diesel engines, but their viscosities are much higher than usual diesel fuel, thus requiring modifications of the engines [12]. Transesterification is used for reducing vegetable oil viscosity [13]. Biodiesel can be used directly in place of diesel fuel also in forming a mixture in a certain proportion to the current diesel fuel. Pyrolysis, dilution, microemulsion and transesterification are the common procedures for producing biodiesel from vegetable oils [14]; the most viable and economical process is the transesterification process [15]. Biodiesel produced via transesterification has proven to be a viable alternative fuel with similar characteristics to diesel fuel [16].
Green biodiesel based on non-vegetable oil and catalytic ability of waste materials as heterogeneous catalyst
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Onome Ejeromedoghene, Abiodun Oladipo, Charles Obinwanne Okoye, Victor Enwemiwe, Ebube Victoria Anyaebosim, Muritala Olusola, Sheriff Adewuyi
At ambient conditions, the transesterification (also known as alcoholysis) of a fat or oil with alcohol often generates methyl esters and glycerol. (Figure 2) (Nasir et al. 2014). Transesterification reactions are usually reversible reactions whose rate and yield can be enhanced in the presence of suitable catalysts. The triglycerides are step-wise transformed into diglycerides, monoglycerides, and glycerol as by-products. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced by transesterification favorably compare with those of fossil sourced diesel and meet international standards for diesel engine performance.
Green-filamentous macroalgae Chaetomorpha cf. gracilis from Cuban wetlands as a feedstock to produce alternative fuel: A physicochemical characterization
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018
Yisel Sánchez-Borroto, Magín Lapuerta, Eliezer Ahmed Melo-Espinosa, David Bolonio, Indira Tobío-Perez, Ramón Piloto-Rodríguez
Normally edible oils contain a diglyceride content between 2–10% (Chengelis et al. 2006). James (James, Kanitkar, and Boldor 2011) reported that oils extracted from macroalgae had a diglyceride content between 22% and 80%. The oil extraction time is connected with the monoglyceride, diglyceride and triglycerides content and with the acidity of the oil. Patil (Patil et al. 2013) reported the position of ethyl esters, triglycerides, fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols found in N. salina algal sp.