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Supporting Technologies
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
The selection of available processes for a given application involves many considerations. In general amine treating using diethanolamine (DEA) is the process that has been the most widely used for refinery gas treating. This process uses an aqueous solution of diethanolamine with concentrations of the DEA in the range of 15 to 30 wt%. Methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA) can be used to replace diethanolamine to reduce the absorption of carbon dioxide and thereby produce an acid gas with a higher content of hydrogen sulfide. This provides some marginal improvement in Claus unit capacity or sulfur recovery efficiency.
Study on the hydraulic condition of absorption tower of CGH unit for increasing the desulfurization capacity; simulation and execution results
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
M. Mahrouei, S.H. Jafarnia, R. Naderinia, A. Fazlali
The CGH (cracked gasoline hydrogenation) unit of Imam Khomeini Oil Refinery (Shazand, Iran) is designed for treating gasoline with a flow rate of 325 and total sulfur content of 1000 ppm. The product, which is the same as low-sulfur gasoline, must have a maximum of 80 ppm sulfur (Imam Khomeini Oil Refinery 2013b). Recent worldwide regulations and the necessity of ultraclean transportation fuels have resulted in a greater emphasis on environmental regulations governing the sulfur content of these fuels. Furthermore, the air pollution caused by gasoline engine exhaust gas has prompted such regulations to become increasingly strict (Shi and Wu 2021). Sulfur compounds (Mercaptans, Thiophene and Benzothiophene commonly present in most refinery gasolines) react with hydrogen in the HDS reactor to produce gas (Abhijeet, Salisu, and Anoop 2020). The produced is absorbed on a tray tower with amine (DEA diethanolamine). In this tower, chemical absorption takes place while the amine solution will act as an absorbent. The unit design is based on 80 ppm of total sulfur in the product. However, due to environmental conditions and the need for low-sulfur gasoline (Febriantini, Pebriani, and Purnomo 2020), it is possible to redesign the unit to achieve a product compatible with Euro 5 standards by making changes (maximum total sulfur 10 ppm) (Gense, Jackson, and Samaras 2005).
Gaseous and liquid effluents treatment in bubble column reactors by advanced oxidation processes: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
Vanessa N. Lima, Carmen S. D. Rodrigues, Ricardo A. C. Borges, Luis M. Madeira
Several companies around the world have developed solutions for the chemical industries through the design of packed columns for the treatment of inorganic gases (Tri-Mer Corporation, 2013) and organic compounds (Clean Gas Systems, 2010). Among the advantages of this device can be highlighted the low pressure drop in the system, besides the possibility of low costs of maintenance and operation. The packed bubble column is a device designed with a fixed structure of packing (containing for instance absorbents, catalysts, or simply inert materials) inside the BCR (Bai, 2010; Zehner & Kraume, 2000). In these devices, the absorptive process normally occurs with the contact between the packing and the liquid phase in continuous mode while the gas is injected in the system being dispersed through the packaging channels (Molga & Wasterterp, 1997). This technology was used to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from a solution containing diethanolamine (DEA) and ethylene glycol by Molga and Westerterp (1997), showing the applicability of such three-phases device.
Effect of organic alkali, n-alkanol, and nonionic surfactant ternary compound system on viscosity reduction of viscous crude oil
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Zhai Wenqi, Ma Guiyang, Hu Zhiyong
The viscous crude oil used in the experiment was obtained from an oilfield after dehydration and degassing. The oil had a density of 0.897/g·cm−3 at 20 °C, an API° of 9.34, a condensation point of approximately 21 °C, a wax content of 15.4%, an asphaltene content of 10.3%, a water content of 2–3%, and a measured viscosity of 3033.47 mPa·s at 50 °C. The octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (op-10) used in the experiment had a purity of nonionic surfactant greater than 99%. The three organic alkalis used—ethanolamine (ETA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEOA)—all had purities greater than 99%. The normal alcohols used had purities greater than 98%.