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Chemicals from Olefin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The ethanolamine derivatives (also called olamine derivatives) comprise a group of amino alcohol derivatives and contain both a primary amine (–NH2) function and a primary alcohol (–CH2OH) function. Ethanolamine is a colorless viscous liquid with an odor that is reminiscent to the odor of ammonia. The olamine family includes ethanolamine (HOCH2CH2NH2, 2-aminoethanol, also called monoethanolamine, MEA), diethanolamine (DEA, HOCH2CH2NHCH2CH2OH), and triethanolamine (TEA). These ethanolamine derivatives have been, and continue to be, used widely in the gas processing industry for the removal of acid gases from gas streams (Chapter 4) (Kohl and Riesenfeld, 1985; Maddox et al., 1985; Newman, 1985; Kohl and Nielsen, 1997; Kidnay and Parrish, 2006; Mokhatab et al., 2006; Speight, 2007, 2014). They are also used to manufacture detergents, metalworking fluids, and as gas sweetening. Triethanolamine is used in detergents and cosmetics applications and as a cement additive.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Triethanolamine is a pale yellow and viscous liquid. It is hygroscopic with an irritant and ammoniacal odor. There are multiple industrial and domestic applications for this compound, i.e., in the manufacture of toilet products, cosmetics formulations, solvents for waxes, resins, dyes, paraffins and polishes, herbicides, and lubricants for textile products. In the pharmaceutical industry, triethanolamine is used as a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory agent, an emulsifier, and an alkylating agent.
Advanced nanomaterials for highly efficient CO2 photoreduction and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Rashmi Nautiyal, Deepika Tavar, Ulka Suryavanshi, Gurwinder Singh, Archana Singh, Ajayan Vinu, Gurudas P. Mane
For CO2 photoreduction, the similarity in the reduction potential (Figure 4) for a wide range of fuels raises a challenge in attaining product selectivity and allows exploring computational screening [18]. In the case of the narrow bandgap materials, they can absorb 43% visible light and 52% of infrared light of the total solar radiation but have to simultaneously possess appropriate band edge locations for continuous CO2 hydrogenation reaction [46]. To address this, researchers use sacrificial agents for matching the standard potentials. When the VB position is negative compared to the typical potential of H2O oxidation, the sacrificial agents facilitate CO2 photoreduction. The use of such electron donors not only ensures less recombination rates by scavenging the holes produced during the reaction but also increases the efficiency of CO2 photoreduction by speeding up the separation rates of electron–hole pairs [47]. Some commonly used sacrificial agents are tertiary amine [48], triethanolamine [49], methanol [50], and ethanol [51]. In order to further achieve better performance of photocatalysts, several strategies were implemented. One of the well-researched approaches is doping the parent photocatalytic materials with suitable foreign elements.
Analysis and discussion on formation and control of dioxins generated from municipal solid waste incineration process
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Bowen Zhao, Xiude Hu, Jianyi Lu
The second category of nitrogen-containing inhibitors include ethanolamine, monoethanolamine, urea, ammonia, triethanolamine, thiourea, NaSCN, and other nitrogen-containing compounds (Ren et al. 2021; Tuppurainen et al. 1999). Studies have shown that the formation of dioxins can be inhibited by nitrogen-containing compounds with more than 95% inhibition rate. Thiourea is commonly used as an inhibitor of dioxins due to its high content of S and N (Lin et al. 2015). Luna et al. (2000) studied the inhibition mechanism of this process. Thiourea reacted with the metal catalyst to form nitrogen-containing metal complexes with strong bonding, which led to irreversible deactivation of the catalytic site, and then the chlorination reaction in the formation of dioxins was inhibited. (Ren et al. 2021). studied and compared the inhibitory effects of NaSCN and thiourea on dioxin emissions in MSWI system. The results showed that NaSCN had better effect on dioxin emissions reduction than thiourea, and NaSCN showed excellent application prospects in controlling dioxin emissions.
Synthesis and characterisation of ZnS thin films obtained without complexing agent by the chemical bath technique
Published in Surface Engineering, 2021
I. J. González-Chan, A. Pat-Herrera, A. I. Trejo-Ramos, A. I. Oliva
A pioneer research to highlight the importance of the complexing agent was published by Doña and Herrero [22]. In their work, they emphasised the importance of the ammonia (NH3) as a complexing agent and the addition of hydrazine (NH2–NH2) as a second complexing agent. They concluded that, although the presence of hydrazine in the solution is not essential, it helps to improve the growing rate of the material and enhances its homogeneity on the surface of the substrate. They explained these improvements based on the complex bonds (between zinc and the complexing agents, Zn–L) that prevent the precipitation of the ZnS in the solution, favouring its adsorption to the substrate. Mokili et al. [23] also analysed the importance of the complexing agent in the growth solution. They argued that the addition of other aminos (ethanolamine and triethanolamine) favours the growth rate of ZnS since they can accelerate the decomposition of thiourea. They concluded that the growth mechanism requires the formation of complex species such that when they are absorbed into the substrate surface, they produce a nucleus of zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2), and therefore, through an exchange reaction with S2− ions, synthesises the ZnS. Other researchers have also highlighted the need and importance of including the complexing agent in the ZnS growth solution, both, to prevent early precipitation and to avoid the formation of metallic species of hydroxides [24,25].