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Potentialities of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Biofilm-Forming Bacteria
Published in Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul, Microbial Biofilms, 2020
Muhammad Bilal, Hira Munir, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
Among the polyphenols, tannins are represented to be one of the largest groups and are subcategorized into hydrolysable tannins (including ellagitannins and gallotannins) and condensed tannins (including catechins and proanthocyanidins) (Nagy et al., 2011). Flavonoids represent extensively disseminated phenolic compounds in plants and are known to be associated with aroma and color of fruits and flowers to appeal pollinators. As a consequence, they are involved in seeding, propagation, development, and growth of seedlings. They have shown the potential to display antibiofilm potentialities. A large number of flavonoid compounds including luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, chrysin, fisetin, and kaempeferol are present in red wine obtained from Vitis vinifera that are able to inhibit the biofilm-forming capacity of S. aureus (Cho et al., 2015). Polyphenolic compounds extracted from grape pomace exhibited a pronounced antibiofilm and antibacterial potential against S. aureus (Xu et al., 2014).
Insight into Covalent/Non-Covalent Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles for Neurotherapeutic and Neurodiagnostic Agents
Published in Vineet Kumar, Praveen Guleria, Nandita Dasgupta, Shivendu Ranjan, Functionalized Nanomaterials I, 2020
Anup K. Srivastava, Babita Kaundal, Garima Khanna, Subhasree Roy Choudhury, Surajit Karmakar
The response of neuronal cells towards the differently functionalized silica microspheres is demonstrated. The microspheres with −NH3, −NH2, −COOH, and −OH groups on the surface are exposed to the primary cortical neuron (PCN) monolayer culture and are also directly injected into the mice brain via intracranial injection. Indeed, the direct injection of the 1, 1.5 and 2 μm diameter microspheres in the striatum doesn’t show well distribution pattern and the internalization into the brain macrophages. In addition to the diameter, surface functionality and charges severely affect the cell membrane association as well as cellular internalization. The amino-functionalized (zeta potential; +40 mV) microspheres are preferably internalized in the lesser period of the 24 hr, compared to −COOH and −OH (zeta potential; −70 mV) functionalized microspheres which undergo a lesser degree of association with the cell membrane, and a lesser degree of internalization even within 48 hr. The study revealed that both the size and the surface functionality critically define the preference toward phagocytosis by microglia and neuronal cells, and also determine the overall distribution in the brain.45 The systemic entry of silica nanostructures is exposed to the barrier (BBB), which is a confined morphological barrier between the peripheral circulation and the central nervous system (CNS). The systemic exposure of SiNPs adversely damage the BBB integrity by disrupting tight junction and associated cytoskeleton, enhances ROS, induce the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), triggers aquaporin-4 expression on endothelial and astrocytes cells which is leading to paracellular opening of the BBB. Hence, this mild disruption of the BBB allows the silica-based nanomedicine to circumvent BBB and established as the mechanism for targeted brain delivery. 46 The BBB is highly selective for the molecular transportation from peripheral system to the brain, thus it is a major obstacle in nanoparticles delivery to the brain. In order to avoid the drug delivery route of BBB a “nose-to-brain” drug delivery approach is demonstrated by nasal deposition of the therapeutics. The practice started with the first case of intranasal delivery of insulin and neuroprotective compounds to treat Alzheimer’s disease in 1997. The first success attracted more research and advanced the studies in this area because this method anatomically bypasses the BBB and delivers the drug molecules directly into the CNS via an olfactory pathway. This method was further integrated with nanotechnology when curcumin- and chrysin-loaded MSNs were shown to have a therapeutic effect after intra-nasal (IN) route administration.47
Preparation and characterization of PLGA-PEG-PLGA polymeric nanoparticles for co-delivery of 5-Fluorouracil and Chrysin
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Samira Khaledi, Sevda Jafari, Samin Hamidi, Ommoleila Molavi, Soodabeh Davaran
An important strategy for increasing the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents is combination approaches [27,28]. Several lines of studies have confirmed that combination of 5-FU with other anticancer agents, improves its therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients. For instance, it has been reported that the combinational treatment of colorectal cancer patients with 5-FU and irinotecan results in an increase in survival and response rate as compared with those treated with 5-FU alone [29–31]. Combinational therapy is an important strategy to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer cells by targeting different signaling pathways involved in cancer cell growth and survival [32,33]. Flavonoids are a large class of natural phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties [34,35]. Chrysin (5, 7-dihydroxy flavone) is a natural and biologically active flavonoid extraction from plants (i.e. propolis and honey). The anti-inflammatory [36], antioxidant, and anticancer properties of Chrysin have been demonstrated in different studies [37–39]. Several studies have demonstrated that Chrysin has pro-apoptotic activity and induces apoptosis in different types of cancer cell lines including breast carcinoma [40], cervical cancer [41], leukemia [42], lung cancer (NSCLC) [43], and colon cancer [44] in vitro. In a preclinical study done by Rashid et al., it has been observed that Chrysin could be an effective natural compound to be used in combination with 5-FU to reduce the toxicity of 5-FU and induce the apoptotic type of cell death in cancer cells [45].
Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction, antioxidant capacity, and characterization of total flavonoids from the leaves of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Qing Niu, Yumei Gao, Pinghuai Liu
Chrysin is a natural flavone, which found in many plant extracts, honey and propolis. It has many biological activities, including anti-cancer,[31] alleviate allergic inflammation,[32] depression,[33] and so on. Lee et al. [34] reported that tectochrysin has antioxidant effect. It exhibited a significant decrease in serum transaminase activities elevated by hepatic damage induced by CCl4-intoxication in rats. What’s more, tectochrysin was found to cause significant increases in the antioxidant enzymes such as hepatic cytosolic superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities as well as a significant decrease in the MDA production in CCl4-intoxicated rats.
Synthesis and characterization of novel P(HEMA-LA-MADQUAT) micelles for co-delivery of methotrexate and Chrysin in combination cancer chemotherapy
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Soodabeh Davaran, Hamed Fazeli, Aliyeh Ghamkhari, Fariborz Rahimi, Ommoleila Molavi, Maryam Anzabi, Roya Salehi
Recently, combination chemotherapy using different drugs has been demonstrated as a valuable method in cancer therapy compared to single drug therapy with limited efficiency [25–28]. Methotrexate (MTX) is the most common chemotherapeutic agent that is used in the treatment of a wide range of solid tumors, particularly breast cancer, lung cancer, and bladder carcinoma. Due to the structural similarity of MTX to folic acid (FA) and the presence of the folic acid receptor as a targeting ligand on the surface of the cancer cells, MTX is able to enter cells through a similar transport system to FA [29–32] [33]. Most chemotherapy drugs do not distinguish among normal and malignant cells and thus stimulates even normal cells towards apoptosis [34]. Several studies have been done to overcome the side effect of anticancer drugs by using natural products [35,36]. Flavonoids are naturally occurring compounds existing in various plants in the form of fruits and vegetables [37]. Several flavonoids inhibit growth and incursion of cancer cells in diverse in vitro and in vivo models [38]. Chrysin (5, 7-dihydroxyflavone) is a type of flavonoid and an analog of apigenin that can be found in some plants such as passion flowers (Passifloracaerulea). Chrysin possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidantion, anti-diarrheal, and anti-cancer properties. This molecule induces apoptosis in various cells, thereby exhibiting cancer chemo-preventive activity [38,39].