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Extremophilic Microbes and their Extremozymes for Industry and Allied Sectors
Published in Ajar Nath Yadav, Ali Asghar Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, Microbiomes of Extreme Environments, 2021
Hiran Kanti Santra, Debdulal Banerjee
Colored food is the new trend of the food industry in the 21st century in order to meet the interest of consumers on the one hand and on the other hand they acts as additives, antioxidants and also color intensifiers (Malik et al. 2012). The use of food grade colorants is of safer over artificial additives with harmful effect on the environment and health hazards. In order to meet this need pigments from microorganisms’ source has become the new area of interest as natural compounds have positive health benefits (Malik et al. 2012). Natural food colors used in breakfast cereals, baby food products, pastas, sauces, processed cheeses, fruit drinks, vitamin-enriched milk products, and in some energy drinks are not only environment friendly but also improve the visual appearance of foods with enhanced probiotic health (Nagpal et al. 2011). Some examples include isolation of astaxanthin from Agrobacterium aurantiacum, Paracoccus carotinifaciens, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhos and from extremophiles of red snow of the Antarctica, etc. and its use in feed supplement (Fujii et al. 2010). Canthaxanthin used in food, beverages and also in pharmaceutical sectors are obtained from Bradyrhizobium sp. and Haloferax alexandrines. Blakeslea trispora and Asbhya gossypii are exploited for the production of food-grade riboflavin and carotene, respectively (Venil et al. 2013). Zeaxanthin from microbial sources are also known to possess applications in food, feed and pharmaceutical industries (Abdel-Aal et al. 2013; Baiao et al. 1999; Nishino et al. 2009).
Biomolecules from Microalgae for Commercial Applications
Published in Kalyan Gayen, Tridib Kumar Bhowmick, Sunil K. Maity, Sustainable Downstream Processing of Microalgae for Industrial Application, 2019
Meghna Rajvanshi, Uma Shankar Sagaram, G. Venkata Subhash, G. Raja Krishna Kumar, Chitranshu Kumar, Sridharan Govindachary, Santanu Dasgupta
Canthaxanthin is a secondary carotenoid, which is produced at the end of the growth phase in several green algae and cyanobacteria. Canthaxanthin is used as a food colorant, and it improves the color of chicken skins, egg yolks, salmon and trout when added in animal feed. In addition, canthaxanthin is used in cosmetics and medications. In the United States, the quantity of canthaxanthin consumption permitted is up to 30 mg per pound of solid or semi-solid foods—the EFSA recommends ~0.3 mg/kg average daily intake, but not in Australia and New Zealand (Administration 2018; Koller, Muhr, and Braunegg 2014). Violaxanthin is another carotenoid that is produced by microalgae like Dunaliella tertiolecta and Botryococcus braunii. It is used as a food colorant in Australia and New Zealand but not in the EU and United States. Violaxanthin also exhibits a strong anti-proliferative activity on human mammary cancer cell lines, suggesting potential therapeutic use in treating human mammary cancers (Koller, Muhr, and Braunegg 2014). Fucoxanthin is one of the most abundant carotenoids present in diatoms like Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Cylindrotheca closterium and macroalgae. Fucoxanthin has anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effect, anti-cancer activity, anti-obese effect and anti-diabetic activity (Kim et al. 2012). The global fucoxanthin market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.2% through 2022 and is estimated nearly 700 tons annually. Traditionally, fucoxanthin is extracted from seaweed, which contains only ~0.01% fucoxanthin. Recent studies have shown that the most promising algae for fucoxanthin production are the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (fucoxanthin—15.33 mg/g DW) (Kim et al. 2012). Algatech of Israel has recently launched Fucovital, containing 3% natural fucoxanthin oleoresin extracted from P. tricornutum. Fucovital has been granted New Dietary Ingredient Notification (NDIN) status from the FDA.
Effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin on oxidative stress biomarkers in rainbow trout
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Antonia Concetta Elia, Marino Prearo, Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr, Nicole Pacini, Gabriele Magara, Paola Brizio, Laura Gasco, Maria Cesarina Abete
Oxocarotenoids (xanthophylls), such as astaxanthin (Ax, 3,3ʹ-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4ʹ-dione) and canthaxanthin (Cx, 4,4-diketo-beta-carotene) have been widely used in order to develop typical red-to-pink flesh color in salmonid muscle attributed to ability of Ax or Cx to interact with tissue actomyosinic complexes. It is of interest that Henmi, Hata, and Takeuchi (1991) previously reported that Ax exhibited a greater binding capacity for muscle fibers than Cx. Xanthophylls are considered as safe additives for animal and human consumption, and the maximum amount in feed for Ax was established by EU legislation (Commission implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1415), while for Cx, also known as E161g, the maximum level as an additive in aquaculture feed was reduced from 100 to 25 mg/kg (Commission Directive 2003/7/EC).
Algae and their growth requirements for bioenergy: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Sharifah Najiha Badar, Masita Mohammad, Zeynab Emdadi, Zahira Yaakob
Besides bioenergy products, the residual microalgal biomass also contains significant amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals [33], which are suitable for animal [121] and fishery feeds [122] and as fertilisers [123] after anaerobic digestion. Several species of green microalgae have high concentrations of pigments, ß-carotene, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, which can be used as natural colourants and antioxidants in the drug, pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries [124–126].
A review on microalgae biofuel and biorefinery: challenges and way forward
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Lakhan Kumar, Navneeta Bharadvaja
The application of fossil fuels has created serious and persistent threats to our environment in terms of pollution, acid rain, global warming, and climate change. Also, the reserves of fossil fuels are depleting very fast. It has created a need for identification, recovery and utilization of renewable and environment friendly energy sources. Microalgae have been established as economical and environment-friendly feedstock for viable and sustainable production of biofuels such as biodiesel or bioethanol along with other valuable co-products (Ismail, Ismail, and El-Sheekh 2020). Biofuels, produced from microalgae, can be a potential measure to deal with energy security as well as a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels (Moreno-Garcia et al. 2017). Microalgae, crowned as efficient cell factories, are photosynthetic microorganisms that sequester Carbon Dioxide from the environment (Subramanian, Yadav, and Sen 2016). They fix CO2 into sugars which eventually enter into central cellular metabolism for use as macromolecular building blocks (Mondal et al. 2017). Other than microalgae oil, biodiesel industries exploit edible oils extracted from rapeseed, soybean, sunflower, palm, etc and among non-edible sources Jatropha, Karanja, Tobacco seeds, Mahua, Neem oil, etc (Meira et al. 2015). Algal biofuels can ensure stable and sustainable transport fuel supply. Algal biodiesel has proven to be a promising alternative fuel or as blend with diesel in compression-ignition engines, gas turbines system for power generation and also as aviation fuel (Chiong et al. 2018). Besides biofuels, algal biomass has a diverse range of industrial and societal applications (Chew et al. 2017). It is now a proven fact that microalgal biomass can be used for the extraction of various therapeutically active compounds/biomolecules having health benefits, namely astaxanthin, lutein, canthaxanthin, docosahexaenic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), etc (Yen et al. 2013). There is currently much interest in biologically active compounds derived from natural resources especially compounds that can efficiently act on molecular targets, which are involved in the treatment of various diseases (Michalak and Chojnacka 2015).