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Algae from Extremophilic Conditions and Their Potential Applications
Published in Shashi Kant Bhatia, Sanjeet Mehariya, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Ashiwin Vadiveloo, Tasneema Ishika, David Chuka-Ogwude, Mohammadjavad Raeisossadati, Ângelo P. Matos
Currently, more than 95% of astaxanthin is produced synthetically due to lower production costs. However, chemically synthesized astaxanthin is not approved for direct human use (Li et al., 2020). Astaxanthin produced from Haematococcus, on the contrary, was found to be safe for direct human consumption as it is registered as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) (Capelli et al., 2013; Niu et al., 2020). The production of organic astaxanthin is enhanced using extreme physical and nutritional conditions as described above (Boussiba & Vonshak, 1991). In response to stress, the enzymes β-carotene oxygenase and β-carotene hydroxylase get activated and transform β-carotene to astaxanthin. Astaxanthin has excellent antioxidant activity as it can efficiently sequester free radicals by eliminating reactive oxygen. Astaxanthin sourced from Haematococcus is also currently used in the pharmaceutical industry to help treat chronic inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and heart disease, and to prevent some cancers (Borowitzka, 2013; Guerin et al., 2003). Recently, it is used to alleviate the risk of cytokine storm in COVID-19 (Talukdar et al., 2020). Astaxanthin producing microalgae are also being exploited as a feed additive for farmed salmon and trout.
Haematococcus pluvialis for Astaxanthin Production
Published in Stephen P. Slocombe, John R. Benemann, Microalgal Production, 2017
Jianguo Liu, John P. van der Meer, Litao Zhang, Yong Zhang
After Haematococcus cell cracking, a further astaxanthin extraction from the algal biomass is often necessary to obtain the desired products. Many traditional organic solvents can be used to extract astaxanthin from Haematococcus. However, some of the organic solvents are potentially toxic and unacceptable for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 (Krichnavaruk et al. 2008; Reyes et al. 2014) is an efficient alternative to organic solvents for the extraction of natural astaxanthin due to its ideal extractive properties, such as high compressibility, liquid-like density, low viscosity, and high diffusivity, and is now used worldwide for extraction of natural astaxanthin. Supercritical CO2 has a greater ability to diffuse through the ultrafine, complex matrix than conventional organic solvents and can be easily separated from the products in the subsequent depressurizing process. Furthermore, the low temperature of supercritical CO2 also means that the extraction process can be operated at a lower temperature, so as to avoid heat-induced degradation of astaxanthin. As a result, the astaxanthin product obtained is pure and of high quality, and thus is safe for use as a nutritional additive and for pharmaceutical applications.
Applications of Marine Biochemical Pathways to Develop Bioactive and Functional Products
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Toni-Ann Benjamin, Imran Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
Astaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid that is part of a class consisting of more than 750 naturally occurring pigments synthesized from natural sources, such as plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. The carotenoid pigments that are widely distributed are red, orange, and yellow colors (Ngamwonglumlert & Devahastin, 2019; Davinelli et al., 2018). Astaxanthin is a photosynthetic pigment present in marine food and contains bioactive components from macro/microalgae, industrial waste from fish and other marine animals (Hamed et al., 2015; Fernandes et al., 2019). The microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is considered to have the highest accumulation of astaxanthin and can act as a strong coloring agent and potent antioxidant.
Preparation, optimization using a mixture design, and characterization of a novel astaxanthin-loaded rice bran oil self-microemulsifying delivery system formulation
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Wai Thet Aung, Veerakiet Boonkanokwong
Astaxanthin (AST) is a natural carotenoid pigment abundant in some marine animals and some kinds of microorganisms. Algae (Haematococcus pluvialis), red yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma), and byproducts of some crustaceans are primary sources for production of natural AST.[1] Having a unique structure of long conjugated polyene chain as well as ketonic and hydroxyl groups on each ionone ring which contributes to an alignment in the cell membranes, AST’s powerful antioxidant activity displays between inside and outside of the cell membranes. Owing to the scavenging function of AST on reactive radicals and oxidative species, AST has been used as a dietary supplement for promoting health benefits in humans, such as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, hepato- and cardio-protective activities.[2] Moreover, penetration of AST through the blood retinal and blood brain barriers positively encourages eye and central nervous system functions.[3,4] However, AST activity is limited by its poor solubility in water leading to lower bioavailability for oral application.[5]
Astaxanthin encapsulation in nanocapsule by high-pressure homogenization technology: a study on stability, antioxidant activity and in vitro release
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Liyuan Gu, Suping Ji, Bi Wu, Wenjuan Wang, Jingfang Cheng, Qiang Xia
Astaxanthin is a fat-soluble carotenoid in yeast, bacteria, microalgae, aquatic animals, and other organisms.[1] It is widely used in nutrition, health care products, fortified food and beverage, and pharmaceutical industries.[2] Astaxanthin has a special molecular structure, which is unique because there is a long conjugated double-bond chain in the middle of the molecule, and there are hydroxyl and ketone groups on the terminal ring.[3] These structural characteristics make astaxanthin have a good antioxidant capacity.[4] In addition, astaxanthin has anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, and other effects.[5]
Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis: processes, applications, and market
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Géssica Cavalcanti Pereira Mota, Laenne Barbara Silva de Moraes, Carlos Yure B. Oliveira, Deyvid Willame S. Oliveira, Jéssika Lima de Abreu, Danielli Matias M. Dantas, Alfredo Olivera Gálvez
Regarding astaxanthin sources, it can be produced synthetically (using petroleum derivatives) or extracted from biological sources. This last group includes: several species of microalgae (in addition to H. pluvialis), such as Chlorella zofingiensis and Chlorococcum spp.;[13,24,25] yeasts, such as Phaffia rhodozyma, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, and Yarrowia lipolytica;[26–28] bacteria, like Agrobacterium spp., Brevibacterium spp., and Paracoccus spp.;[29,30] and also, marine organisms with a taxonomic classification not fully elucidated, such as Aurantiochytrium.[31] These astaxanthin-producing microorganisms present different characteristics, such as distinct growth rates and variable yields in the production of this compound. Thus, these characteristics may determine whether its industrial application is feasible or not. The main productive parameters of the different organisms capable of synthesizing astaxanthin are summarized in Table 1.