China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chemical Uptake by Organisms
Published in J. Mark Parnis, Donald Mackay, Multimedia Environmental Models, 2020
The phenomenon of bioaccumulation is very important as a means by which chemicals present at low concentration in water become concentrated in aquatic organisms, often by many orders of magnitude, thus causing a potential hazard to aquatic species such as fish, and especially to birds and humans who consume them. For example, DDT may be found in fish at concentrations a million times that of the water in which they live. The primary cause of this effect is simply the difference in Z-values between water and fish lipids as characterized by KOW. However, there are also other, more subtle effects at work. The kinetics of uptake are also important, because a fish may never reach thermodynamic equilibrium. There is also a fascinating biomagnification phenomenon that is not yet fully understood in which concentrations increase progressively through food chains. An additional incentive for quantifying bioaccumulation is that it is often easier to sample and analyze fish or other organisms in preference to water since water concentrations are much lower and more variable.
Mathematical Hydrocarbon Fate Modeling in Soil Systems
Published in Edward J. Calabrese, Paul T. Kostecki, Principles and Practices for Petroleum Contaminated Soils, 2019
Edward J. Calabrese, Paul T. Kostecki
Bioaccumulation is the process by which terrestrial organisms such as plants and soil invertebrates accumulate and concentrate pollutants from the soil. Bioaccumulation has not been examined in soil modeling, apart from some nutrient cycle (phosphorus, nitrogen) and carbon cycle bioaccumulation attempts. Biotransformation issues in soils are described in details by Valentine.72
Environmental and Health Effects Due to the Usage of Wastewater
Published in Mu Naushad, Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment, 2018
Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar, G. Janet Joshiba
Bioaccumulation is the process by which certain substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and toxic chemicals that are in low concentrations in water can be found in high concentrations in the tissues of plants and animals. Substances that bioaccumulate are stable, possess a long half-life period, and are not processed by the human digestive system. Bioaccumulated substances are further magnified by entering the food chain (Okereke et al., 2016). Discharge of effluents and domestic waste is the main source of deposits of bioaccumulatives in wastewater. This alters the quality of the fresh water bodies and transfers the toxic substance into the receiving water bodies (Akpor and Muchie, 2011). Bioaccumulation with the support of supplements and vitality takes place within the sight of living cells. There are two phases in the expulsion of substantial metals from the condition. The first is the maintenance of the metal particles on the cell surface, and the second is the transportation of the particles of metal into the cell (Alqadami et al., 2017).
Regional-temporal Trends and Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Olive Lands in Bursa, Turkey
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2022
Seyma Nur Erkul, Gizem Eker Sanli
Soil is one of the main reservoirs for persistent organic pollutants (POP) along with water surfaces. (Cabrerizo et al. 2011). Soil provides an important deposition surface for POPs, which they enter via dry and wet atmospheric deposition, accidental leakage from storage, application of sewage sludge to farmland and direct application (Li et al. 2008). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are one of the POPs are semi-volatile organic compounds with high toxicity and bioaccumulation potential (Biterna and Voutsa 2005). These compounds are used in transformers and large capacitors, hydraulic systems, paints, adhesives, moving parts lubricating materials, and cutting oils (Breivik et al. 2007). Prohibition and restriction have been imposed with Stockholm Convention due to high persistence, bioaccumulation potential and health risks of PCB (Dönmez 2012). Although production was prohibited, PCBs are still measured at various levels in environmental media (air, soil, sediment, street dust and water). Several studies can be seen in the literature for air by Stafilov et al. (2011), for water by Škrbić, Kadokami, and Antić (Škrbić, et al., 2018), for sediment by Škrbić et al. (Škrbić, et al., 2018), and street dust by Škrbić et al. (2019). According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), short-term or long-term exposure to these compounds may cause acute or subclinical health problems, whereas long-term exposure may cause chronic diseases such as cancer (Brouwer et al. 1998).
Pesticide exposure and genotoxic effects as measured by DNA damage and human monitoring biomarkers
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Jones A. Kapeleka, Elingarami Sauli, Patrick A. Ndakidemi
Occupational exposures to pesticides cause accumulation of these toxic substances in the body influencing significant changes in hematological parameters (Fareed et al. 2013; Hayat et al. 2018). Pesticides bioaccumulation involves the buildup of these toxic chemicals as a result of continuous absorption of chemicals in the body at the rate at which the body cannot metabolize and excrete (Kim et al. 2016). This is fueled by the persistent use of pesticides that do not break down into safer constituent parts but rather remain intact over prolonged periods of time becoming readily accessible to the human body. Bioaccumulation can occur via inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, or across the placenta, the effects are more harmful based on the toxicity level of the chemical, length and magnitude of exposure (Gilden et al. 2010).
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in fresh water farm fish species from Punjab (India) and evaluation of their dietary intake for human risk assessment
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2018
Jasbir Singh Bedi, Virendra Singh, Akhil Gupta, Jatinder Paul Singh Gill, Rabinder Singh Aulakh
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of chemical pollutants posing a worldwide concern. Intentionally or unintentionally produced POPs are capable of depositing in different environmental compartments and organism tissues, resist bio- and photochemical degradation, and undergo long-range atmospheric transport (Buccini 2003; Wong et al.2005). Further, in the past few decades, POPs have received global attention due to their bioaccumulation properties, high toxicity, and exposure of humans, animals and wildlife (UNEP 2003). To acknowledge the global issue of POPs and to protect human and environmental health, the UNEP Stockholm Convention on POPs entered into force in 2001 for regulation or ban of a preliminary list of 12 chemicals (PCBs, dioxins and furans, and a range of organochlorine pesticides) that fulfilled all the criteria of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and potential for long-range transport (UNEP 2003). During 2009–2012, 10 new substances were added in the POP list. India ratified the convention in 2006 and agreed to take measures to monitor, eliminate, and restrict the production and use of POPs (NIP 2011).