China 
Africa 
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Hemodynamic Management with Multiple Drugs using Fuzzy Logic
Published in Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu, Abraham Kandel, Lakhmi C. Jain, FUZZY and NEURO-FUZZY SYSTEMS in MEDICINE, 2017
Johnnie W. Huang, Claudio M. Held, Rob J. Roy
The system may be equipped with more drugs thus enabling it to manage patient cases not previously discussed. Drugs such as beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers may be added to the regimen. Combining these drugs with information processed by an ECG analyzer module, in situations where a stable patient is suffering from atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response, may be useful for rate control. Other drugs such as anesthetics and analgesics or even fluids such as saline may be considered. Nevertheless, more sophisticated processing algorithms may be required in addition to obtaining necessary information from the patient.
Basic Chemical Hazards to Human Health and Safety — I
Published in Jack Daugherty, Assessment of Chemical Exposures, 2020
Vasodilation. The vasodilators cause blood vessels to expand, lowering the blood pressure (hypotension), and, thus, decreasing the supply of blood to the various organs. Acute hypotension causes shock. Chronic hypotension causes lethargy, general weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and faintness. Calcium channel blockers are well-known vasodilators and are used as medicines to counter hypertension (high blood pressure). Gardner discusses the interrelationship of cAMP, prostaglandins, and calcium. When the heart is subject to hypoxia and ischemia, PGI2 and adenosine are released as vasodilating agents.
Multi-model Markov decision processes
Published in IISE Transactions, 2021
Lauren N. Steimle, David L. Kaufman, Brian T. Denton
The first goal, glycemic control, is typically achieved quickly following diagnosis of diabetes using oral medications and/or insulin. Management of cardiovascular risk, the focus of this case study, is a longer term challenge, with a complex trade-off between the harms of medication and the risk of future CHD and stroke events. Patients with diabetes are at much higher risk of stroke and CHD events than the general population. Well-known risk factors include Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipids (HDL – often referred to as “good cholesterol”), and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP). Like blood glucose, the risk factors of TC, HDL, and SBP are also controllable with medical treatment. Medications, such as statins and fibrates, can reduce TC and increase HDL. Similarly, there are a number of medications that can be used to reduce blood pressure including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, thiazide, and calcium channel blockers. All of these medications have side effects that must be weighed against the long-term benefits of lower risk of CHD and stroke. An added challenge to deciding when and in what sequence to initiate medication is due to the conflicting risk estimates provided by two well known clinical studies: the FHS (Wolf et al., 1991; Wilson et al., 1998) and the ACC/AHA assessment of cardiovascular risk (Goff et al., 2014).